Mapes, James Jay (1806-1866), chemist and writer

Finlay, Mark R.

doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1001062

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…Lay press articles and films (Barker, 2018 ; Beatie, 2008 ; Davis, 2001 ; Finlay, 2019 ; Hempel, 2016 ; Huberdeau, 2012 ; Pearce & White, 2019 ), as well as a growing body of peer-reviewed literature (Beckwith et al., 2017 ; Ellis et al., 2015 ; Hahn et al., 2019 ; Hoffkling et al., 2017 ; Light et al., 2014 ; 2018 ; Pearce & White, 2019 ), have explored the pregnancy experiences of TGE people. These studies reported the sociodemographic characteristics of TGE individuals who have been pregnant, pregnancy intentions, history of gender-affirming hormone use, summary data on pregnancy outcomes, post-partum care considerations, and qualitative descriptions of the pregnancy experience as a TGE person (Beckwith et al., 2017 ; Ellis et al., 2015 ; Hahn et al., 2019 ; Hoffkling et al., 2017 ; Light et al., 2014 ; 2018 ; Pearce & White, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy intentions and outcomes among transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive people assigned female or intersex at birth in the United States: Results from a national, quantitative survey

Moseson

Fix

Hastings

et al. 2020

International Journal of Transgender Health

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Background: Transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive (TGE) people experience pregnancy. Quantitative data about pregnancy intentions and outcomes of TGE people are needed to identify patterns in pregnancy intentions and outcomes and to inform clinicians how best to provide gender-affirming and competent pregnancy care. Aims: We sought to collect data on pregnancy intentions and outcomes among TGE people assigned female or intersex at birth in the United States. Methods: Collaboratively with a study-specific community advisory team, we designed a customizable, online survey to measure sexual and reproductive health experiences among TGE people. Eligible participants included survey respondents who identified as a man or within the umbrella of transgender, nonbinary, or gender-expansive identities; were 18 years or older; able to complete an electronic survey in English; lived in the United States; and were assigned female or intersex at birth. Participants were recruited through The PRIDE Study – a national, online, longitudinal cohort study of sexual and gender minority people – and externally via online social media postings, TGE community e-mail distribution lists, in-person TGE community events, and academic and community conferences. We conducted descriptive analyses of pregnancy-related outcomes and report frequencies overall and by racial and ethnic identity, pregnancy intention, or testosterone use. Results: Out of 1,694 eligible TGE respondents who provided reproductive history data, 210 (12%) had been pregnant. Of these, 115 (55%) had one prior pregnancy, 47 (22%) had two prior pregnancies, and 48 (23%) had three or more prior pregnancies. Of the 433 pregnancies, 169 (39%) resulted in live birth, 142 (33%) miscarried, 92 (21%) ended in abortion, two (0.5%) ended in stillbirth, two (0.5%) had an ectopic pregnancy, and seven (2%) were still pregnant; nineteen pregnancies (4%) had an unknown outcome. Among live births, 39 (23%) were delivered via cesarean section. Across all pregnancies, 233 (54%) were unintended. Fifteen pregnancies occurred after initiation of testosterone, and four pregnancies occurred while taking testosterone. Among all participants, 186 (11%) wanted a future pregnancy, and 275 (16%) were unsure; 182 (11%) felt “at risk” for an unintended pregnancy. Discussion: TGE people in the United States plan for pregnancy, experience pregnancy (intended and unintended) and all pregnancy outcomes, and are engaged in family building. Sexual and reproductive health clinicians and counselors should avoid assumptions about pregnancy capacity or intentions based on a patient’s presumed or stated gender or engagement with gender-affirming hormone therapy.

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