MAP Kinases in Fungal Pathogens

Xu, Jin‐Rong

doi:10.1006/fgbi.2000.1237

Cited by 380 publications

(306 citation statements)

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“…In the fungi, including plant pathogens, there are numerous examples of the conservation of components of MAP kinase cascades in different pathways regulating a variety of responses, but in the majority of cases, the signals, receptors, and differing numbers of components along the transduction pathways are distinct (Banuett, 1998;Xu, 2000). In S. cerevisiae, the signals and receptors triggering the mating response of the alternative mating types differ, as also occurs in other yeast (Leberer et al, 1997;Elion, 2000;Davidson et al, 2003;Li et al, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the staining pattern of receptors on the surface differed between white and opaque cells, and reappearance of receptors after down-regulation occurred only in opaque cells . Here, we have presented evidence that the same pheromone signal, receptor, heterotrimeric G protein, and MAP kinase cascade, but different downstream regulators, mediate the disparate pheromone responses of opaque and white cells of C. albicans.In the fungi, including plant pathogens, there are numerous examples of the conservation of components of MAP kinase cascades in different pathways regulating a variety of responses, but in the majority of cases, the signals, receptors, and differing numbers of components along the transduction pathways are distinct (Banuett, 1998;Xu, 2000). In S. cerevisiae, the signals and receptors triggering the mating response of the alternative mating types differ, as also occurs in other yeast (Leberer et al, 1997;Elion, 2000;Davidson et al, 2003;Li et al, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Same Receptor, G Protein, and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activate Different Downstream Regulators in the Alternative White and Opaque Pheromone Responses ofCandida albicans

Song

Sahni

Daniels

et al. 2008

MBoC

251

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Candida albicans must undergo a switch from white to opaque to mate. Opaque cells then release mating type-specific pheromones that induce mating responses in opaque cells. Uniquely in C. albicans, the same pheromones induce mating-incompetent white cells to become cohesive, form an adhesive basal layer of cells on a surface, and then generate a thicker biofilm that, in vitro, facilitates mating between minority opaque cells. Through mutant analysis, it is demonstrated that the pathways regulating the white and opaque cell responses to the same pheromone share the same upstream components, including receptors, heterotrimeric G protein, and mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, but they use different downstream transcription factors that regulate the expression of genes specific to the alternative responses. This configuration, although common in higher, multicellular systems, is not common in fungi, and it has not been reported in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The implications in the evolution of multicellularity in higher eukaryotes are discussed. INTRODUCTIONBoth single cell organisms and the individual cells of multicellular organisms must respond to a variety of environmental signals (Dorsky et al., 2000;Balázsi and Oltvai, 2005). In addition, in higher eukaryotes different cell types frequently respond to the same signal in unique ways (Rincón and Pedraza-Alva, 2003;Bacci et al., 2005;Dailey et al., 2005). In most cases, different signals interact with unique surface receptors that activate different signal transduction pathways, as has been demonstrated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Leberer et al., 1997;Gustin et al., 1998;Madhani and Fink, 1998;Elion, 2000). The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways have evolved as highly efficient, multipurpose signal transduction systems. S. cerevisiae uses multiple MAP kinase pathways, each one for a distinct signaling system, including the mating process, the filamentation process, cell wall integrity, ascospore formation, and osmoregulation (Levin and Errede, 1995;Gustin et al., 1998;Saito and Tatebayashi, 2004;Chen and Thorner, 2007). Several of these pathways share a limited number of components, but all are presumed to use different receptors to elicit very different responses. In the mating process of S. cerevisiae, a cells release a-factor that interacts with the a-receptor on ␣ cells, and ␣ cells release ␣-factor that interacts with the ␣-receptor on a cells. These alternative signals are then transduced through the same heterotrimeric G protein to activate the same MAP kinase pathway, which in turn activates the same downstream regulators that elicit similar mating responses, including G1 arrest, polarization, and shmooing (Sprague et al., 1983;Bender and Sprague, 1986;Leberer et al., 1997). Other fungi, including Magnaporthe grisea (Dixon et al., 1999;Zhao et al., 2005b) Neurospora crassa (Li et al., 2005), and Cryptococcus neoformans (Davidson et al., 2003;Kraus et al., 2003;Bahn et al., 2005) also use MAP kinase pathways for a variety of responses...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Same Receptor, G Protein, and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activate Different Downstream Regulators in the Alternative White and Opaque Pheromone Responses ofCandida albicans

Song

Sahni

Daniels

et al. 2008

MBoC

251

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“…These observations demonstrate the functional divergence of these signalling pathways. Furthermore, homologues of Pmk1 are required for fungal virulence in all plant pathogens in which they have been investigated 20 . The Pmk1 signalling pathway revealed from the genome sequence is therefore likely to be of generic importance for fungal pathogenesis.…”

Section: Grisea Has a Family Of Novel G-protein-coupled Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea

Dean

Talbot

Ebbole

et al. 2005

Nature

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1,486

1,194

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Magnaporthe grisea is the most destructive pathogen of rice worldwide and the principal model organism for elucidating the molecular basis of fungal disease of plants. Here, we report the draft sequence of the M. grisea genome. Analysis of the gene set provides an insight into the adaptations required by a fungus to cause disease. The genome encodes a large and diverse set of secreted proteins, including those defined by unusual carbohydrate-binding domains. This fungus also possesses an expanded family of G-protein-coupled receptors, several new virulence-associated genes and large suites of enzymes involved in secondary metabolism. Consistent with a role in fungal pathogenesis, the expression of several of these genes is upregulated during the early stages of infection-related development. The M. grisea genome has been subject to invasion and proliferation of active transposable elements, reflecting the clonal nature of this fungus imposed by widespread rice cultivation.Outbreaks of rice blast disease are a serious and recurrent problem in all rice-growing regions of the world, and the disease is extremely difficult to control 1,2 . Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is therefore a significant economic and humanitarian problem. It is estimated that each year enough rice is destroyed by rice blast disease to feed 60 million people 3 . The life cycle of the rice blast fungus is shown in Fig. 1. Infections occur when fungal spores land and attach themselves to leaves using a special adhesive released from the tip of each spore 4 . The germinating spore develops an appressorium-a specialized infection cell-which generates enormous turgor pressure (up to 8 MPa) that ruptures the leaf cuticle, allowing invasion of the underlying leaf tissue 5,6 . Subsequent colonization of the leaf produces disease lesions from which the fungus sporulates and spreads to new plants. When rice blast infects young rice seedlings, whole plants often die, whereas spread of the disease to the stems, nodes or panicle of older plants results in nearly total loss of the rice grain 2 . Different host-limited forms of M. grisea also infect a broad range of grass species including wheat, barley and millet. Recent reports have shown that the fungus has the capacity to infect plant roots 7 .Here we present our preliminary analysis of the draft genome sequence of M. grisea, which has emerged as a model system for understanding plant-microbe interactions because of both its economic significance and genetic tractability 1,2 . Acquisition of the M. grisea genome sequenceThe genome of a rice pathogenic strain of M. grisea, 70-15, was sequenced through a whole-genome shotgun approach. In all, greater than sevenfold sequence coverage was produced, and a summary of the principal genome sequence data is provided in Table 1 and Supplementary Table S1. The draft genome sequence consists of 2,273 sequence contigs longer than 2 kilobases (kb), ordered and orientated within 159 scaffolds. The total length of all sequence contigs is 38.8 mega...

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“…Both cAMP and MAP kinase signalling cascades play central roles in morphological and physiological changes associated with both external and internal cues (Lee et al, 2003;Xu, 2000). Research into the biochemistry of photoconidiation and the discovery of blr-1 and blr-2 have revealed links between conidiation induction pathways and multiple signalling cascades within the hyphal cell.…”

Section: Signal Transduction Cascadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MAPK signalling cascades have been shown to regulate a variety of responses in the cell associated with growth, proliferation and virulence (Schaeffer & Weber, 1999;Xu, 2000). The T. virens MAPK homologue belonging to the YERK1 class has been described by two independent groups (tvk1, Mendoza-Mendoza et al, 2003;tmkA, Mukherjee et al, 2003).…”

Section: Heterotrimeric G Proteins and Map Kinase Cascadesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reproduction without sex: conidiation in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma

et al. 2010

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2Lincoln Ventures Limited, PO Box 133, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand Trichoderma spp. have served as models for asexual reproduction in filamentous fungi for over 50 years. Physical stimuli, such as light exposure and mechanical injury to the mycelium, trigger conidiation; however, conidiogenesis itself is a holistic response determined by the cell's metabolic state, as influenced by the environment and endogenous biological rhythms. Key environmental parameters are the carbon and nitrogen status and the C : N ratio, the ambient pH and the level of calcium ions. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular biology of this fungus have revealed a conserved mechanism of environmental perception through the White Collar orthologues BLR-1 and BLR-2. Also implicated in the molecular regulation are the PacC pathways and the conidial regulator VELVET. Signal transduction cascades which link environmental signals to physiological outputs have also been revealed.

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MAP Kinases in Fungal Pathogens

Cited by 380 publications

References 99 publications

The Same Receptor, G Protein, and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activate Different Downstream Regulators in the Alternative White and Opaque Pheromone Responses ofCandida albicans

The Same Receptor, G Protein, and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway Activate Different Downstream Regulators in the Alternative White and Opaque Pheromone Responses ofCandida albicans

The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea

Reproduction without sex: conidiation in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma

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