Manufacture and preliminary evaluation of acellular tooth roots as allografts for alveolar ridge augmentation

Abstract

Alveolar ridge augmentation can be used to obtain appropriate alveolar ridge for dental implantation. A variety of bone graft materials including autogenous bone, allograft, xenograft, and alloplastic material are used in alveolar ridge augmentation. Autogenous tooth‐derived bone graft material has received much attention for the past few years, because the structure and physicochemical characteristics of tooth are similar to those of bones. Compared to autogenous tooth, allogenic tooth has the advantage of extensive resources. However, the problem of cell‐derived immunological rejection of allogenic tooth remains unresolved. In the present study, acellular tooth root (ATR) is obtained by an innovative combination procedure. The biocompatibility of ATR is assessed using cytotoxicity test, hemolysis test, intracutaneous reactivity test, and acute systemic toxicity test. Osseointegration is evaluated in vivo by implanting ATR into the rat tibia defect as an allograft material. The results show that the ATR has fine biocompatibility, and there is an osseointegration between ATR and bone bed at 8 weeks post operation. This study demonstrates that the ATR could be used in alveolar ridge augmentation as a kind of new tooth‐derived bone graft material.

Criteria, Challenges, and Opportunities for Acellularized Allogeneic/Xenogeneic Bone Grafts in Bone Repairing

“…Cytotoxicity analysis of ABGs through hemolysis and subcutaneous reactivity (such as arrhythmic lesions and edema) assays in inoculated rabbits revealed that ABGs show improved biocompatibility. Furthermore, micro-CT results revealed significant integration of tibia bone with ABGs during the 8-week treatment period, which was confirmed by H&E staining due to the absence of decalcified sections . However, presenting a commercial protocol in this field is difficult due to the potential effects of dental structure diversity (cementum, dentin, and enamel) and the variable thickness of its layers on acellularization approaches.…”

“…10 As a result, the use of cell distribution techniques on the ABGs to stimulate the formation of small pieces of bone and uniform pores on the ABGs surface will be critical. Recently, to provide alveolar prominence for dental implants, Liu et al 66 planted the maxillary molar roots with the rabbit tibia after acellularizing them with SDS, Triton X-100, DNase, and RNase and sterilizing them with ethylene oxide. Cytotoxicity analysis of ABGs through hemolysis and subcutaneous reactivity (such as arrhythmic lesions and edema) assays in inoculated rabbits revealed that ABGs show improved biocompatibility.…”

“…Furthermore, micro-CT results revealed significant integration of tibia bone with ABGs during the 8-week treatment period, which was confirmed by H&E staining due to the absence of decalcified sections. 66 However, presenting a commercial protocol in this field is difficult due to the potential effects of dental structure diversity (cementum, dentin, and enamel) and the variable thickness of its layers on acellularization approaches. Taken together, the results indicate that despite the antigenic differences between bone tissues in similar species, allogeneic bone acellularization will significantly improve the success of bone defect repair.…”

Research on the clinical application of autogenous tooth bone graft material

“…Synthetic bone graft materials, such as bioactive glass, have good biocompatibility and osteoconductivity, but are not osteoinductivity and slow absorption. Currently, the research on bone graft materials is in the ascendancy [6][7][8][9].…”

Acid Dentin Lysate Modulates Macrophage Polarization and Osteoclastogenesis In Vitro

“…First support for this approach came from preclinical studies [2][3][4] and case reports [4] followed by radiological analysis [5,6]. Preclinical research continues to better understand the process of graft consolidation [7,8] and acellular tooth root may even be used as allografts [9]. Clinical studies were performed supporting the use of autogenous tooth roots for augmentation of the alveolar bone [10] and before placing the implant [11].…”