Manufacture and application of lignin-based carbon fibers (LCFs) and lignin-based carbon nanofibers (LCNFs)

Fang, Wei; Yang, Sheng; Wang, Xiluan; Yuan, Tong‐Qi; Sun, Run‐Cang

doi:10.1039/c6gc03206k

Cited by 239 publications

(197 citation statements)

References 203 publications

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“…Lignin is a promising sustainable alternative raw material for fossil feedstocks to produce fuels, chemicals, and bio‐materials which are usually provided by the petroleum industry, such as phenolics, aromatics, and hydrocarbons . The valorization of lignin has several applications, such as synthesis of bio‐oil, phenolic resins, adhesives of polyurethane foams, carbon fiber, etc. One of the significant conversion pathways for lignin is liquefaction which generates bio‐oil and phenolic monomers .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Solvent, Role of Formic Acid and Rh/C Catalyst for the Efficient Liquefaction of Lignin

et al. 2019

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We demonstrate highly efficient liquefaction of alkali lignin with a very high yield of THF‐soluble bio‐oil (91.5 wt %) using formic acid (FA) and Rh/C catalyst under relatively mild reaction conditions (250 °C, 6 h) in EtOH−H2O co‐solvent system. The monomeric products are identified in which alkyl guaiacols accounts for the main proportion. The role of FA was not only used as a liquid‐phase in‐situ hydrogen source but also acts as organic acid which can catalyze the hydrolysis reaction of −C−O−C ether bonds of lignin. Moreover, in the present study, the role of Rh/C and FA is demonstrated for the liquefaction of lignin. The replacement of pure H2 gas by the liquid‐phase FA (hydrogen source) can effectively prevent the char formation. The utilization of Rh/C catalyst helps for the conversion of alkenyl guaiacols to alkyl guaiacols suggesting the hydrogenation of phenolic monomers and further cleavage by hydrogenation results in the formation of bio‐oil with lower molecular weight (Mn=466 g mol−1) as well as lower O/C ratio (0.26).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Solvent, Role of Formic Acid and Rh/C Catalyst for the Efficient Liquefaction of Lignin

et al. 2019

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“…Approximately 70 million tons of lignin are produced every year [16], mainly used as fuel. Lignin has many potential value-added applications, including the manufacture of carbon fibers and graphene [17]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and Copper Concentration Effects on the Formation of Graphene-Encapsulated Copper Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin

et al. 2017

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The effects of temperature and copper catalyst concentration on the formation of graphene-encapsulated copper nanoparticles (GECNs) were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance, and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed that higher amounts of copper atoms facilitated the growth of more graphene islands and formed smaller size GECNs. A copper catalyst facilitated the decomposition of lignin at the lowest temperature studied (600 °C). Increasing the temperature up to 1000 °C retarded the degradation process, while assisting the reconfiguration of the defective sites of the graphene layers, thus producing higher-quality GECNs.

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“…Lignin is a complex organic polymer widely recognized for playing a role in the structural integrity of plants. As a compound, it is mostly inert and nonreactive, and thus makes a good material candidate for manufacturing and industrial applications (e.g., see lignin-based carbon fibers and nanofibers; Fang et al, 2017). Lignin removal has been a central key issue where a whole variety of complex processes, also referred to as delignification processes, have been developed (Singh et al, 2014).…”

Section: Delignification Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanometrology of Biomass for Bioenergy: The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy in Plant Cell Characterization

et al. 2018

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Ethanol production using extracted cellulose from plant cell walls (PCW) is a very promising approach to biofuel production. However, efficient throughput has been hindered by the phenomenon of recalcitrance, leading to high costs for the lignocellulosic conversion. To overcome recalcitrance, it is necessary to understand the chemical and structural properties of the plant biological materials, which have evolved to generate the strong and cohesive features observed in plants. Therefore, tools and methods that allow the investigation of how the different molecular components of PCW are organized and distributed and how this impacts the mechanical properties of the plants are needed but challenging due to the molecular and morphological complexity of PCW. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), capitalizing on the interfacial nanomechanical forces, encompasses a suite of measurement modalities for nondestructive material characterization. Here, we present a review focused on the utilization of AFM for imaging and determination of physical properties of plant-based specimens. The presented review encompasses the AFM derived techniques for topography imaging (AM-AFM), mechanical properties (QFM), and surface/subsurface (MSAFM, HPFM) chemical composition imaging. In particular, the motivation and utility of force microscopy of plant cell walls from the early fundamental investigations to achieve a better understanding of the cell wall architecture, to the recent studies for the sake of advancing the biofuel research are discussed. An example of delignification protocol is described and the changes in morphology, chemical composition and mechanical properties and their correlation at the nanometer scale along the process are illustrated.

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Manufacture and application of lignin-based carbon fibers (LCFs) and lignin-based carbon nanofibers (LCNFs)

Abstract: This review details recent progress in the conversion of technical lignins to multi-functional, high-value, and promising carbon fiber materials, and discusses their applications.

Cited by 239 publications

References 203 publications

Effect of Solvent, Role of Formic Acid and Rh/C Catalyst for the Efficient Liquefaction of Lignin

Effect of Solvent, Role of Formic Acid and Rh/C Catalyst for the Efficient Liquefaction of Lignin

Temperature and Copper Concentration Effects on the Formation of Graphene-Encapsulated Copper Nanoparticles from Kraft Lignin

Nanometrology of Biomass for Bioenergy: The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy in Plant Cell Characterization

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