“…Our present results suggest that the measurements with large splitting times and NW-SE fast directions on both sides of the U-shaped structure ( Figures 5, 8, 9, and 11) are closely related to horizontal mantle flow, whereas the measurements with small splitting times in the central parts of the U-shaped structure ( Figures 5, 8, 9, and 11) may reflect hot and wet mantle upwelling. Therefore, although our anisotropic results may be related to the dynamics of lithospheric delamination, the main SKS results could be explained by mantle convection and hot mantle upwelling in the BMW due to the deep subduction, long stagnancy, and deep dehydration of the Pacific slab in the mantle transition zone (e.g., Zhao, 2004;Lei & Zhao, 2005Huang & Zhao, 2006;Lei et al, 2013Lei et al, , 2018Lei et al, , 2019Chen, Zhao, et al, 2017;Ma et al, 2019). Figure 11 shows a schematic diagram of the anisotropic structure and dynamics beneath NE China.…”