Mannitol or Hypertonic Saline in Traumatic Brain Injury patients: a CENTER-TBI study

Abstract

Introduction: Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) is one of the most important modifiable and immediate threats to critically ill patients suffering from traumatic brain injury (TBI). Two hyperosmolar agents (HOA), mannitol and hypertonic saline (HTS) are routinely used in clinical practice to treat increased ICP. We aimed to assess whether a preference for mannitol, HTS or their combined use translated into differences in (functional) outcome.Methods: The CENTER-TBI Study is a prospective multicenter cohort study. For this study, patients with TBI, admitted to the ICU, treated with mannitol and/or HTS, aged ≥16, were included. Patients and centers were differentiated based on treatment preference with mannitol and/or HTS based on structured, data-driven criteria such as first administered HOA at the ICU. We assessed influence of center and patient characteristics in the choice of agent using adjusted multivariate models. Furthermore, we assessed the influence of HOA preference on (functional) outcome using adjusted ordinal and logistic regression models, and instrumental variable analyses.Results: In total, 2056 patients were assessed. Of these, 502 (24%) patients received mannitol and/or HTS on the ICU. The first bolus of a HOA was HTS for 287 (57%) patients, mannitol for 149 (30%) patients, and both for 66 (13%) patients. Two unreactive pupils were more common for patients receiving both (13, 21%), compared to patients receiving HTS (40, 14%), or mannitol (22, 16%). Center, rather than patient characteristics, was independently associated with the preferred choice of HOA (p-value < 0.05). ICU mortality and 6-month functional outcome were similar between patients preferably treated with mannitol compared to HTS (OR = 0.8, CI = 0.4 – 1.7; OR = 1.1, CI = 0.7 – 1.8 respectively). Patients who received both also had a similar ICU mortality and 6-month functional outcome compared to patients receiving HTS (OR = 1.9, CI = 0.7 - 4.9; OR = 0.7, CI = 0.3 – 1.6 respectively).Conclusion: We found between center variability regarding HOA preference. Moreover, we found that center is a more important driver of the choice of HOA than patient characteristics. However, our study indicates that this variability is an acceptable practice given absence of differences in outcomes associated with a specific HOA.