Manned Space Flight and the Kidney

Norsk, Peter; Epstein, Murray

doi:10.1159/000168282

Cited by 46 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…This was also concluded in a fluid-balance review on "manned space flight and the kidney", evaluating almost all available worldwide space flight data related to water and sodium metabolism [33]. The examinations done by our European group (Spacelab D-2, n=4; and EuroMIR'94, n=2) additionally evaluated the oral water and sodium supply during the first 24-h in µ-gravity [11,13].…”

Section: Henry-gauer Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body fluid regulation in µ-gravity differs from that on Earth: an overview

Drummer

Gerzer

Baisch

et al. 2000

Pflügers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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Similar to the response to central hypervolemic conditions on Earth, the shift of blood volume from the legs to the upper part of the body in astronauts entering µ-gravity should, in accordance with the HenryGauer mechanism, mediate diuresis and natriuresis. However, fluid balance and kidney function experiments during various space missions resulted in the surprising observation that the responses qualitatively differ from those observed during simulations of hypervolemia on Earth. There is some evidence that the attenuated responses of the kidney while entering weightlessness, and also later during space flight, may be caused by augmented fluid distribution to extravascular compartments compared to conditions on Earth. A functional decoupling of the kidney may also contribute to the observation that renal responses during exposure to µ-gravity are consistently weaker than those during simulation experiments before space flight. Deficits in body mass after landing have always been interpreted as an indication of absolute fluid loss early during space missions. However, recent data suggest that body mass changes during space flight are rather the consequences of hypocaloric nutrition and can be overcome by improved nutrition schemes. Finally, sodium-retaining humoral systems are activated during space flight and may contribute to a new steady-state of metabolic balances with a pronounced increase in body sodium compared to respective conditions on Earth. A revision of the classical "µ-gravity fluid shift" scheme is required.

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Section: Henry-gauer Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body fluid regulation in µ-gravity differs from that on Earth: an overview

Drummer

Gerzer

Baisch

et al. 2000

Pflügers Arch - Eur J Physiol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This interpretation is still represented in space physiology textbooks [44], which is the source of the former hypothesis (fig. 4a), although most assumptions were meanwhile disproved by real space flight data [for review, see 1, 5, 10, 45]. …”

Section: Starting From the Historical Hypothesis (Fig 4a)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The absence of any diuretic and natriuretic response during the first 24 h in µ-gravity has repeatedly been observed [5, 12, 45, 54], and it is meanwhile widely accepted that no fluid loss occurs during the early adaptation to µ-gravity. Total body water as well as body mass remain stable [8].…”

Section: Arriving At a New Hypothesis (Fig 4b C)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Vasopressin, Hypercalciuria and Aquaporin – The Key Elements for Impaired Renal Water Handling in Astronauts?

Drummer

Valenti

Cirillo³

et al. 2002

Nephron

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“…Unfortunately, only few precise and wellcontrolled data on sodium input and output in cosmonauts, especially during the initial 3-4 days of space flight are available [73]. One recent observation (although obtained from only one cosmonaut)…”

Section: Water Sodium Chloride and Osmolalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several recently published reviews have excellently summarized the subject of altered fluid balance in weightlessness, especially during short-term space flights [51,73]. However, many results obtained from Soviet long-term space missions performed during the two last decades are not contained in these reviews, since detailed information had not been available to the authors.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Water and electrolyte studies during long-term missions onboard the space stations SALYUT and MIR

1994

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This contribution summarizes the results of investigations of water-electrolyte metabolism and its hormonal regulation conducted in cosmonauts who performed long-term space flights (from 18 to 366 days) aboard the space stations Salyut and Mir and compares them with the results obtained during various NASA flights. The role of the kidneys in ion metabolism regulation was assessed by various water-salt load tests before and after flights. In addition, the results of a year-long space flight and of medical experiments performed during the 237- and 241-day missions by the physicians and cosmonaut-researchers Atkov and Polyakov are reviewed in detail. In spite of interindividual variations, metabolic, and endocrine studies during prolonged space flights showed a reduction in body mass, usually with a reduction in body water and electrolytes and considerable changes in blood hormone concentrations and urinary hormone excretion. These changes reflect the processes of extended adaptation to a new environment. It is likely that shifts in electrolyte metabolism in weightlessness are primarily due to metabolic changes that diminish the tissue ability for ion retention and to concomitant changes in the endocrine status. The postflight examinations revealed changes in fluid-electrolyte metabolism and in the function of the kidneys which indicated a hypohydration status and a stimulation of hormonal systems responsible for fluid-electrolyte homeostasis in order to readapt to the normal gravitation. Postflight decline in osmotic concentration of urine in cosmonauts was accompanied by an altered response to antidiuretic hormone and was probably caused by changes in the functional state of the kidneys. We conclude that detailed knowledge of the alterations in water-electrolyte metabolism and its hormonal regulation on different stages of space flight are important prerequisites for the development of countermeasures to space deconditioning and thus for increased human efficiency in space. In addition, these data contribute to an increase in our general knowledge on the regulation of kidney function.

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Manned Space Flight and the Kidney

Cited by 46 publications

References 16 publications

Body fluid regulation in µ-gravity differs from that on Earth: an overview

Body fluid regulation in µ-gravity differs from that on Earth: an overview

Vasopressin, Hypercalciuria and Aquaporin – The Key Elements for Impaired Renal Water Handling in Astronauts?

Water and electrolyte studies during long-term missions onboard the space stations SALYUT and MIR

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