Manifestations and mechanisms of central nervous system damage caused by SARS-CoV-2

Yang, Fan; Zhao, Hongtao; Liu, Hongtao; Wu, Xian; Li, Yongnan

doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.09.015

Cited by 15 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 113 publications

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“…Of particular concern are the cognitive deficits that have been reported in patients who have recovered from COVID-19 respiratory disease. This includes an inability to concentrate and a fogging of thought processes impairing concentration for tasks at hand and the solving of problems and feelings of long-term anxiety and insecurity [373][374][375][376][377]. Particularly disturbing are emerging reports of COVID-19 causing a reduction in IQ in children.…”

Section: The Impact Of Covid-19 On Ad and Dementia Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and Semi-Synthetic Flavonoid Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents for the Treatment of Long COVID-19 Disease and Neurodegenerative Disorders of Cognitive Decline

Melrose¹,

Smith²

2022

Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed)

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The aim of this review is to highlight the beneficial attributes of flavonoids, a diverse family of widely-distributed polyphenolic phytochemicals that have beneficial cell and tissue protective properties. Phytochemicals are widely distributed in plants, herbs and shrubs used in traditional complimentary medical formulations for centuries. The bioactive components that convey beneficial medicinal effects in these complex herbal preparations are now being identified using network pharmacology and molecular docking procedures that identify their molecular targets. Flavonoids have anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial and anti-cancer properties that have inspired the development of potent multifunctional derivatised flavonoids of improved efficacy. The antiviral properties of flavonoids and the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has resulted in a resurgence of interest in phytochemicals in the search for efficacious compounds that can prevent viral infection or replication, with many promising plant compounds identified. Promising semi-synthetic flavonoid derivatives have also been developed that inhibit multiple pathological neurodegenerative processes; these offer considerable promise in the treatment of diseases of cognitive decline. Clinical trials are currently being undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of dietary supplements rich in flavonoids for the treatment of virally-mediated diseases. Such trials are expected to identify flavonoids with cell and tissue protective properties that can be harnessed in biomedical applications that may serve as supportive adjunctive procedures to conventional anti-viral drug therapies against diseases such as COVID-19.

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Section: The Impact Of Covid-19 On Ad and Dementia Patientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and Semi-Synthetic Flavonoid Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents for the Treatment of Long COVID-19 Disease and Neurodegenerative Disorders of Cognitive Decline

Melrose¹,

Smith²

2022

Front. Biosci. (Elite Ed)

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“…Over 559 million confirmed cases and 6.3 million fatalities had been recorded globally as of July 17, 2022 [2]. SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells via Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) receptors, ACE-2 is found on the apical membranes of polarized cells of the testis, cardiovascular epithelium, cardiac myocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, kidney, liver, intestine, brain, and lung epithelial cells, resulting in coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-cardiovascular damage [3,4]. SARS-CoV-2 can potentially infect the nervous system, skeletal muscles, and respiratory tract.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

"Bridging the Gap Between COVID-19 and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Report and Literature Review"

Gogichashvili¹

2022

BJSTR

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The world's medical system has undergone a significant upheaval as a result of the catastrophic respiratory Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19), referred to as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). While its effects on respiratory symptoms are widely known, neurological manifestations have remained elusive. SARS-CoV-2 infects host cells by entering via angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors (ACE-2), which are prominently overexpressed on intestinal epithelial cells, endothelial and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels, the heart, lung, renal tubular epithelial cells, and cerebrovascular endothelium. The pathophysiology of SAH in COVID-19 may include several pathways, including coagulopathy, cytokine storm, viral endotheliopathy, hypertension, and immunological regulation. Hemorrhagic cerebrovascular episodes are not uncommon in COVID-19, whether caused by an aneurysmal rupture or spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Bleeding into the area around the brain causes a kind of stroke known as subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).It is yet unclear what potential processes may be at play when SAH and SARS-CoV-2 are involved. SAH should be investigated in those who have significant neurological symptoms caused by this virus. This review analyses the case of a Caucasian woman who developed SAH in conjunction with COVID-19 infection. As a result, relevant literature and exploration of the putative pathogenetic processes are discussed for the correlation between SARS-Cov-2 and SAH.

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“…However, other databases report ACE2 mRNA expression in endothelial cells of mice [15,88,89]. So far, the available data suggest that the expression of ACE2 is lower in both endothelial cells and pericytes in the human brain compared to the mouse brain, albeit with important interregional variability [15,31,51,84,85]. In .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels in the brain of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease

Reveret

Leclerc

Émond

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a major cause of death in the elderly. Cognitive decline due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is frequent in the geriatric population disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Interestingly, central nervous system (CNS) manifestations have been reported in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. In this study, we investigated the levels of Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), the main entry receptor of SARS-COV-2 in cells, in postmortem parietal cortex samples from two independent AD cohorts, totalling 142 persons. Higher concentrations of ACE2 protein and mRNA were found in individuals with a neuropathological diagnosis of AD compared to age-matched healthy control subjects. Brain levels of soluble ACE2 were inversely associated with cognitive scores (p = 0.02), markers of pericytes (PDGFRβ, p=0.02 and ANPEP, p = 0.007) and caveolin1 (p = 0.03), but positively correlated with soluble amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) concentrations (p = 0.01) and insoluble phospho-tau (S396/404, p = 0.002). No significant differences in ACE2 were observed in the 3xTgAD mouse model of tau and Aβ neuropathology. Results from immunofluorescence and Western blots showed that ACE2 protein is mainly localized in neurons in the human brain but predominantly in microvessels in the mouse brain. The present data show that an AD diagnosis is associated with higher levels of soluble ACE2 in the human brain, which might contribute to a higher risk of CNS SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Manifestations and mechanisms of central nervous system damage caused by SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 15 publications

References 113 publications

Natural and Semi-Synthetic Flavonoid Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents for the Treatment of Long COVID-19 Disease and Neurodegenerative Disorders of Cognitive Decline

Natural and Semi-Synthetic Flavonoid Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Agents for the Treatment of Long COVID-19 Disease and Neurodegenerative Disorders of Cognitive Decline

"Bridging the Gap Between COVID-19 and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Case Report and Literature Review"

Higher Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) levels in the brain of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease

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