Manifestasi Okular Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Klinis dan pencegahan

Abstract

<p>Pandemi global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) memiliki gejala utama batuk, demam, kelelahan, sesak napas, dan gejala respiratori lainnya. Didapatkan kasus pasien COVID-19 yang memiliki keluhan okular seperti konjungtivitis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), yang merupakan reseptor SARS-CoV-2 juga didapatkan pada sel epitel konjungtiva dan kornea manusia, sehingga memungkinkan transmisi melalui okular. Tatalaksana gejala okular pada COVID-19 hingga saat ini masih terus dikembangkan serta diuji coba.</p><p>The Global Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has cough, fever, fatigue, shortness of breath, and other respiratory symptoms as the main symptoms. There were cases of COVID-19 patients with ocular complaints such as conjunctivitis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) – SARS-CoV-2 receptor, is also found in human conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells, thus allowing ocular transmission. Treatment for ocular symptoms in COVID-19 are still being developed and tested.</p>

An Overview of Ocular Transmission as Alternative Route Transmission Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Literature Review

“…Compared with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, COVID-19 is reported to have a low fatality rate. Still, previous studies reported that the number of cases of COVID-19 sufferers was almost 10 times that in the first two months of the total SARS patients (Priscilia et al, 2020); this shows that the COVID-19 virus has a very fast and widespread transmission rate. The Indonesian Kemenkes RI (2021) reports that in 2021 the COVID-19 virus with a new variant entered Indonesia; the new COVID-19 variants include B.117 from England, B.1351 from South Africa, and a double-mutated variant from India B.…”

“…There are 4 main protein structures in Coronavirus, namely: protein N (nucleocapsid), glycoprotein M (membrane), glycoprotein spike S (spike), and protein E (sheath) (Ministry of Health RI, 2020). COVID-19 enters human cells through the S protein on the viral envelope binding to the cell membrane receptor, namely angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (Priscilia et al, 2020). ACE2 is a receptor widely found in the human body, one of which is in the eye.…”

“…ACE2 is highly expressed in human lung alveolar epithelial cells, small intestinal enterocytes, and renal proximal tubular cells, ACE2 expression in human conjunctiva and corneal epithelial cells is much less than in lung and kidney tissue and has protein binding ability. ACE2 of conjunctiva epithelial cells with COVID-19 spike protein was much lower than that of lung tissue (Priscilia et al, 2020). CD147, known as Basigin or extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN), was also identified as red blood cell (RBC) Plasmodium falciparum -the protozoan that causes malaria in humans, CD147 is also the receptor for the COVID-19 spike protein (Ulrich and Pillat, 2020).…”