Abstract:Mangroves are ecosystems located in the transition zone between land and sea that serve as a potential source of biotechnological resources. Brazil's extensive coast contains one of the largest mangrove forests in the world (encompassing an area of 25,000 km2 along all the coast). Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the following three plant species: Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa and Avicennia nitida. A large number of these isolates, 115 in total, were evaluated for their ability to fix nitrogen… Show more
“…The role of endophytes in forest communities remains poorly understood; however, high-throughput technologies have increased the speed and resolution in screening microbial communities (Hardoim et al, 2015; Baldrian, 2017). Endophyte inoculated trees have shown: (1) positive growth trends (Chanway and Holl, 1991; Chanway et al, 1994; Shishido et al, 1999; Khan et al, 2015; Castro et al, 2017), (2) adaptive phenotypic changes (Knoth et al, 2014; Vivas et al, 2015), (3) stress mitigation (Khan et al, 2016; Doty, 2017; Doty et al, 2017; Rho et al, 2018a, b), (4) nitrogen fixation (Anand and Chanway, 2013; Anand et al, 2013; Knoth et al, 2014), and (5) reduced damage from insect herbivores and fungal pathogens (Brooks et al, 1994; Miller, 2011; Pirttilä and Frank, 2011).…”
Increased frequency of droughts and degraded edaphic conditions decreases the success of many reforestation efforts in the Pacific Northwest. Microbial endophyte consortia have been demonstrated to contribute to plant growth promotion and protection from abiotic and biotic stresses – specifically drought conditions – across a number of food crops but for limited tree species. Our research aimed to investigate the potential to improve establishment of economically and ecologically important conifers through a series of
in situ
field trials and
ex situ
simulations. Microbial endophyte consortia from Salicaceae, previously shown to confer drought tolerance, and conifer endophyte strains with potentially symbiotic traits were selected for trials with Douglas-fir (
Pseudotsuga menziesii
) and western redcedar (
Thuja plicata
). Reductive experimentation was used to subject seedlings to a spectrum of simulated drought levels or presence/absence of fertilizer, testing hypotheses that endophyte consortia impart improved drought resistance and growth promotion, respectively. Inoculation from Salicaceae consortia significantly (
p
≤ 0.05) improved survival among seedlings of both species subject to increasing drought stress, with
T. plicata
seedlings surviving at twofold higher rates in extreme drought conditions. Both species demonstrated improved growth 540 days after inoculation of seed with conifer derived consortia. In the carefully controlled greenhouse experiments with both species, seedling Fv/Fm and SPAD values remained significantly (
p
≤ 0.05) more stable in inoculated treatment groups as stress increased. Our findings confirm that multi-strain consortia may be applied as seed or field amendment to conifers, and the approach is efficient in garnering a positive growth response and can mitigate abiotic stressors.
“…The role of endophytes in forest communities remains poorly understood; however, high-throughput technologies have increased the speed and resolution in screening microbial communities (Hardoim et al, 2015; Baldrian, 2017). Endophyte inoculated trees have shown: (1) positive growth trends (Chanway and Holl, 1991; Chanway et al, 1994; Shishido et al, 1999; Khan et al, 2015; Castro et al, 2017), (2) adaptive phenotypic changes (Knoth et al, 2014; Vivas et al, 2015), (3) stress mitigation (Khan et al, 2016; Doty, 2017; Doty et al, 2017; Rho et al, 2018a, b), (4) nitrogen fixation (Anand and Chanway, 2013; Anand et al, 2013; Knoth et al, 2014), and (5) reduced damage from insect herbivores and fungal pathogens (Brooks et al, 1994; Miller, 2011; Pirttilä and Frank, 2011).…”
Increased frequency of droughts and degraded edaphic conditions decreases the success of many reforestation efforts in the Pacific Northwest. Microbial endophyte consortia have been demonstrated to contribute to plant growth promotion and protection from abiotic and biotic stresses – specifically drought conditions – across a number of food crops but for limited tree species. Our research aimed to investigate the potential to improve establishment of economically and ecologically important conifers through a series of
in situ
field trials and
ex situ
simulations. Microbial endophyte consortia from Salicaceae, previously shown to confer drought tolerance, and conifer endophyte strains with potentially symbiotic traits were selected for trials with Douglas-fir (
Pseudotsuga menziesii
) and western redcedar (
Thuja plicata
). Reductive experimentation was used to subject seedlings to a spectrum of simulated drought levels or presence/absence of fertilizer, testing hypotheses that endophyte consortia impart improved drought resistance and growth promotion, respectively. Inoculation from Salicaceae consortia significantly (
p
≤ 0.05) improved survival among seedlings of both species subject to increasing drought stress, with
T. plicata
seedlings surviving at twofold higher rates in extreme drought conditions. Both species demonstrated improved growth 540 days after inoculation of seed with conifer derived consortia. In the carefully controlled greenhouse experiments with both species, seedling Fv/Fm and SPAD values remained significantly (
p
≤ 0.05) more stable in inoculated treatment groups as stress increased. Our findings confirm that multi-strain consortia may be applied as seed or field amendment to conifers, and the approach is efficient in garnering a positive growth response and can mitigate abiotic stressors.
“…Some studies of the endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria diversity associated with J. curcas found the phyla Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chlroflexi, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia Annapurna;Saraf, 2012;Dubey et al 2016;Madhaiyan et al, 2012;Qin et al, 2015); which demonstrates the ability of the phyla found in the present study in Annapurna;Saraf, 2012;Madhaiyan et al, 2012;Madhaiyan et al, 2013). These genera have already been described as capable of promoting plant growth in various other crops (Chauhan, Bagyaraj, Sharma, 2013;Castro et al, 2017;Batista et al, 2018).…”
In vitro characterization of endophytic bacteria associated with physic nut (Jatropha curcas L.) and their potential for plant-growth promotion and biocontrol Caracterização in vitro de bactérias endofíticas associadas ao pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) e seu potencial de promoção de crescimento vegetal e biocontrole
“…This was attributed to the specifications of the TLS they used, the Faro Focus 120 3D phase‐shift TLS, and also the structural attributes of the study site. The Faro Focus 120 3D phase‐shift TLS provides much denser data when compared to the CBL, being able to collect up to 976,000 points per scan (Castro et al, 2018), while the CBL collects up to approximately 300,000 points per scan in natural environments. In addition, the beam divergence in the Faro Focus 120 3D is 0.19 mrad, which provides a higher resolution compared to the 15‐mrad beam divergence of the CBL, while the range accuracy for the Faro Focus 120 3D is as low as 2 mm (at ranges < 120 m), while the range accuracy for the CBL is specified as 30 mm (at ranges < 50 m) (Kelbe et al 2015).…”
Mangrove forests have adapted to sea level rise (SLR) increases by maintaining their forest floor elevation via belowground root growth and surface sediment deposits. Researchers use surface elevation tables (SETs) to monitor surface elevation change (SEC) in mangrove forests, after which this information is used to assess SLR resiliency or to dictate active forest management for vulnerable systems. This method requires significant investments in terms of time and human resources and is limited in the number of points it can measure per plot. We use a low‐cost, portable terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) system to assess SEC for three mangrove forests on Pohnpei Island (Federated States of Micronesia). Cloth simulation filtering was used for ground detection, after which results were refined by filtering points using angular orientation. Digital elevation models then were generated via kriging interpolation for data collected in 2017 and 2019, after which the heights of corresponding points were compared across years. Extreme elevation changes, due to disturbances such as footprints or fallen logs, were removed using interquartile range analysis. The TLS‐obtained average SEC ranged between −6.92 and +6.01 mm, which exhibited an average consistency of 72% when compared to simultaneously collected SET data (root mean square error = 1.36 mm). We contend that this approach represents an improvement over the manual method, where very few points typically are used, that is, ≅ 36 points vs. ≅ 30,000 points in the case of TLS, and could contribute to improved monitoring and management of these rapidly changing forest environments.
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