Mangosteen pericarp components alleviate progression of prostatic hyperplasia and mitochondrial dysfunction in rats

Abstract

prostatic hyperplasia, characterized by progressive hyperplasia of glandular and stromal tissues, is the most common proliferative abnormality of the prostate in aging men. A high-fat diet (HfD) usually is a major factor inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and an abnormal state of the prostate. Mangosteen pericarp powder (Mpp) has abundant xanthones which can be antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative agents. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to research whether MPP supplementation can affect the progression of prostatic hyperplasia. Twenty-four male F344 rats were randomly divided into four groups, including a control group (C), prostatic hyperplasiainduced group (p), prostatic hyperplasia-induced with low-dose Mpp group (pL), and induced with high-dose Mpp group (pH). the p, pL, and pH groups were given weekly intraperitoneal injections of 3,2′-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) at 25 mg/kg body weight for 10 weeks, and simultaneously fed an HFD for 24 weeks. Our findings first demonstrated that MPP consumption significantly decreased the prostate weight, serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations, protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and malondialdehyde levels and ameliorated mitochondrial function in prostatic tissues. these results suggest that Mpp supplementation could be used to attenuate the progression of prostatic hyperplasia. Prostatic hyperplasia is a common urologic disease that mostly affects elderly men, and it is classified as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer based on its severity. BPH, characterized by progressive hyperplasia of glandular and stromal tissues, is the most common proliferative abnormality of the prostate in aging men. Although research indicated that the prostate size is positively associated with increasing age 1 , pathologically, BPH presents as enlarged epithelial cells and stromal cells in the prostate. Prostatic hyperplasia has negative impacts on a patient's quality of life because prostatic hyperplasia usually induces lower urinary tract symptoms, including increased frequency of urination, increased urgency of urination, painful urination, and excessive passage of urine at night 2,3. Several factors were suggested to be associated with prostatic hyperplasia development, including oxidative stress 4-6 , inflammatory mediators 7-9 , and androgens whose abnormally increased levels can cause increased oxidative stress and immoderate expressions of growth factors which play crucial roles in the progression of prostatic hyperplasia 10-12. Oxidative stress is a cellular condition which occurs when there is an imbalance between the production and clearance of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations may inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, increase ROS generation, and thus lead to cell proliferation and tumor growth of the prostate gland 13. The probability of mtDNA mutations in the prostate gland increase as people get older 14. In addition, consumption of a high-fa...

Evaluation of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) antioxidant activity in clinical trials and in vivo animal studies: A systematic review

“…It is also known as a hallmark for non-alcohol fatty liver disease. The administration of mangosteen pericarp showed that it was able to reverse hepatic steatosis by increasing the level of antioxidants (GSH, GPx, SOD, and CAT) and decreasing lipid peroxidation levels, plasma-free fatty acids, and hepatic triglyceride levels (Tsai et al, 2016).…”

“…A total of four studies tested the mangosteen antioxidant activity toward liver in the acute liver injury model (Wang et al, 2018;Yan et al, 2018), chronic liver injury model (Wang et al, 2019), and hepatic steatosis model (Tsai et al, 2016). The acute and chronic liver injury could occur when the liver is exposed to chemical stresses, such as alcohol and drug consumption, and the difference between the two is the duration of stress exposure (Wang et al, 2018).…”

“…Several studies have also evaluated mangosteen antioxidant activity in a malarial model (Tjahjani et al, 2019), prostatic hyperplasia model (Tsai et al, 2020), infertility model (Subani, 2014), arthritis model (Herrera-Aco et al, 2019), obese model (Adyab et al, 2019), and as a supplement in healthy subjects (Samuagam et al, 2015). In the malarial model, mice were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei and treated with ethyl acetate fraction of mangosteen pericarp (Tjahjani et al, 2019).…”

“…Results showed that mangosteen fraction significantly decreases the parasitemia level and increases the total antioxidant level. In the prostatic hyperplasia model, rats were induced with 3,2′-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMAB) and a high-fat diet that was supplemented with dried mangosteen pericarp for the treatment group (Tsai et al, 2020). Results showed that mangosteen supplement could alleviate prostatic hyperplasia development by increasing GPx antioxidant and decreasing serum testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), lipid peroxidation level, prostate weight, and lipid profile.…”

Therapeutic effects of β‐caryophyllene on proliferative disorders and inflammation of the gerbil prostate

“…4 Pathologically, it is associated with an increase in proliferating cells and the establishment of inflammation in the prostate tissue. 5,6 The inflammatory environment and uncontrolled cell proliferation leads to tumorigenesis. 5 The experimental models are important in the study of this disorder that can be induced by androgen analogs.…”