Mangiferin functionalized radioactive gold nanoparticles (MGF-¹⁹⁸AuNPs) in prostate tumor therapy: green nanotechnology for production, in vivo tumor retention and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy

Abstract

We report here an innovative feature of green nanotechnology-focused work showing that mangiferin-a glucose functionalized xanthonoid, found in abundance in mango peels-serves dual roles of chemical reduction and in situ encapsulation, to produce gold nanoparticles with optimum in vivo stability and tumor specific characteristics. The interaction of mangiferin with a Au-198 gold precursor affords MGF-AuNPs as the beta emissions of Au-198 provide unique advantages for tumor therapy while gamma rays are used for the quantitative estimation of gold within the tumors and various organs. The laminin receptor specificity of mangiferin affords specific accumulation of therapeutic payloads of this new therapeutic agent within prostate tumors (PC-3) of human prostate tumor origin induced in mice which overexpress this receptor subtype. Detailed in vivo therapeutic efficacy studies, through the intratumoral delivery of MGF-AuNPs, show the retention of over 80% of the injected dose (ID) in prostate tumors up to 24 h. By three weeks post treatment, tumor volumes of the treated group of animals showed an over 5 fold reduction as compared to the control saline group. New opportunities for green nanotechnology and a new paradigm of using mangiferin as a tumor targeting agent in oncology for the application of MGF-AuNPs in the treatment of cancer are discussed.

Tailored Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Imaging and Therapy

“…Chemical methods utilize chemicals and solvents, like sodium borohydride (NaBH4), hydrazine and citrate to initiate the synthetic process and promote nanoparticle nucleation. It has been demonstrated that the most efficient reducing agents are NaBH4 and hydrazine, but these agents present the disadvantage that are biologically and environmentally toxic [20][21][22][23]. Suchomel P. and co-workers prepared AuNPsby the reduction of tetrachloroauric acid using maltose in the presence of nonionic surfactant Tween 80 at various concentrations, in order to control the size of the resulting AuNPs.…”

Reproductive Toxicity of Pomegranate Peel Extract Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles: A Multigeneration Study in C. elegans

“…Sodium borohydride is commonly used as a reducing agent in the synthesis of AuNPs; however, it is an environmental contaminant and highly toxic to biological systems [33]. Therefore, phytochemicals like epigallocatechin [34] and mangiferin [35] have been utilized for the green synthesis of AuNPs. The reducing agent used in this study was the pomegranate peel extract (PPE) to synthesize AuNPs.…”

<p>New Approaches in Breast Cancer Therapy Through Green Nanotechnology and Nano-Ayurvedic Medicine – Pre-Clinical and Pilot Human Clinical Investigations</p>

“…Mango peel contains a large abundance of mangiferin (42% of the total polyphenols, Figure 5)a heat stable and naturally occurring pharmacologically active phytochemical with antiinflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities. 27,[58][59][60] As shown in Figure 5 As shown in Figures 1, 2 and 5, the antioxidant power of mangiferin and other phytochemicals in mango peel are responsible in transforming gold salt into the corresponding AuNPs.…”

“…In order to understand the extent of loading of mangiferin onto AuNPs, which we refer as drug loading, we have performed key experiments as elaborated in numerous publications on green nanotechnology from our laboratory. [19][20][21]23,26,27,35,61 We hypothesized that the corona around gold nanoparticles in MP-AuNPs comprises of mostly the encapsulation of mangiferin due to the large abundance of this phytochemical in the mango peel ( Figure 5). Validating this hypothesis is significant in understanding drug loading of mangiferin around gold nanoparticles.…”