Manganese Sulphate Fertilizer Potential as Raw Material of LMR-NMC Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Abstract

Lithium-ion battery (Li-ion) is an energy storage device widely used in various types of electronic devices. The cathode is one of its main components, which was developed because it accelerates the transfer of electrons and battery cycle stability. Therefore, the LiNixMnyCozO2 (LNMC) cathode material, which has a discharge capacity of less than 200 mAh g−1, was further developed. Li-Mn-rich oxide cathode material (LMR-NMC) has also received considerable attention because it produces batteries with a specific capacity of more than 250 mAh g−1 at high voltages. The structure, synthesis method, and sintering temperature in the fabrication of LMR-NMC cathode materials affect battery performance. Furthermore, manganese sulphate fertilizer replaces manganese sulphate as raw material for LMR-NMC cathode due to its lower price. The method used in this study was implemented by reviewing previous literature related to Li-ion batteries, Li-ion battery cathodes, synthesis of LMR-NMC cathode materials, and the potential of manganese fertilizers. This review aims to find out the effect of structure, synthesis method, and sintering temperature on LMR-NMC cathodes made from manganese sulphate fertilizer to obtain a Li-ion battery with a high specific capacity, more environmentally friendly, has good cycle stability, and a high level of safety and lower production costs.