Manganese loss during the oxygen refining of high-carbon ferromanganese melts

Abstract

Decarburization tests of high-carbon ferromanganese melts by oxygen refining were successfully carried out in a model converter with 2-ton production capacity. During the oxygen refining, the manganese loss was inherently accompanied by oxidation and evaporation. The oxidation loss of manganese into slag was affected by slag composition, melt temperature and slag weight. The oxidation loss of manganese into slag was minimum at a slag basicity of about 1.5 and it increased with temperature and slag weight. The amount of manganese evaporation loss was comparable to that of oxidation loss. An empirical equation for the evaporation loss of manganese was derived as a function of process variables. The apparent vaporization coefficient, ~, was significantly affected by the oxygen mixing ratio in bottom blowing gas and the fraction of top blown oxygen.

Fume Formation from Oxidation of Liquid SiMn Alloy

“…Manganese exhibits a high vapour pressure at elevated temperatures. A few studies have been carried out with respect to the evaporative reaction of manganese during the oxygen refining process for ferromanganese alloys [12,13]. You and coauthors [12], for example, defined an ''apparent vapourization coefficient (b)'' to describe the loss of manganese through oxidation during the industrial refining process to account for the fact that the ferromanganese composition and temperature change continuously during the refining cycle.…”

Nitrogen Solubility in Liquid Manganese Alloys Containing Silicon, Iron and Carbon

“…Recent development of high manganese steels such as Twinning Induced Plasticity(TWIP) steels prompted the research on the production of high purity manganese alloys. [1][2][3][4] The nitrogen control in manganese alloys became also important for the production of low nitrogen containing high manganese steels. The thermodynamics of nitrogen in manganese alloys containing iron, silicon and carbon over wide ranges of melt composition and temperature is very important to control the nitrogen content in commercial manganese alloys.…”

Microstructures, mechanical properties and cytotoxicity of low cost beta Ti–Mn alloys for biomedical applications

“…Mainly because of the difference in vapor pressures between Mn and Ti, Mn evaporates in larger proportion during longer fabrication processes at the higher temperatures required to melt Ti, especially at pressures lower than atmospheric [33]. Therefore, the product obtained generally contains a Mn content smaller than the nominal [33]. By using CCLM, it is possible to reduce the melting time, improving control over the Mn content in the alloys.…”

“…Especially for the case of Ti-Mn alloys, by using other fabrication methods such as arc melting, there is difficulty in controlling the Mn content. Mainly because of the difference in vapor pressures between Mn and Ti, Mn evaporates in larger proportion during longer fabrication processes at the higher temperatures required to melt Ti, especially at pressures lower than atmospheric [33]. Therefore, the product obtained generally contains a Mn content smaller than the nominal [33].…”