Manganese Intake in Babies: Drinking Water plus Formula Can Cause High Exposures

Schmidt, Charles W.

doi:10.1289/ehp9786

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Studies associate Mn exposure with potential health effects in children (Iyare, 2019;Kullar et al, 2019). Infants might face increased Mn exposure from both drinking water and formula products (Schmidt, 2021). Our analysis of dry powder infant formula revealed a mean EDI of 30 µg/kg-bw/day, below the French Agency for Food's recommended limit (55 µg/kgbw/day) (ANSES, 2018) and lower than values reported in the U.S. (4.8-130 µg/kg-bw/day) (Dewey et al, 1992) and France (6.1-90 µg/kg-bw/day) (Fantino & Gourmet, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic risk assessment for determining nonessential metals in commercial infant formula products in Taiwan

Liao,

Lee,

Lin

et al. 2024

Journal of Food Science

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During the early months of life, infant formula plays a crucial role as a primary source of both food and essential nutrients for infants, serving as a replacement for or supplement to breast milk. However, nonessential metals in infant formulas are a concern because infants are highly vulnerable to chemical exposure. The aim of this study was to investigate infant exposure to nonessential metals in infant formula products in Taiwan and assess the associated health risks. In this study, concentrations of arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and vanadium (V) in 45 formula products for 0–1‐year‐old infants were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The mean As, Ba, Cd, Mn, Pb, and V concentrations were 6.42, 280, 3.72, 1425, 20.4, and 21.9 µg/kg, respectively. According to our probabilistic simulation of the estimated daily intake of metals, the proportion of hazard quotients exceeding one was 7.69% for As and 3.29% for Mn, and that of hazard index (HI) values exceeding 1 was >17% for metals. Arsenic had the largest HI contribution (46.9%), followed by Mn (22.3%) and Pb (12.7%). The nonessential metals content in infant formula raises potential noncarcinogenic health concerns for infants in Taiwan. Therefore, regulations for nonessential metals must be imposed on related food products in Taiwan, with a particular focus on As and Mn.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probabilistic risk assessment for determining nonessential metals in commercial infant formula products in Taiwan

Liao,

Lee,

Lin

et al. 2024

Journal of Food Science

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“…Aschner and Aschner (2005) [ 64 ] reported Mn concentrations in soy formula between 200 and 300 μg/L. High Mn concentrations (higher than 300 µg/L) were also found in soy-based baby formulas [ 71 ]. Mn levels in individual SB range from 2 to 17 times the mean Mn content in soy infant formulas (2.4 ± 0.7 μg/g dry wt) and 7 to 56 times that in milk infant formulas (0.70 ± 0.35 μg/g dry wt) [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metals in Cow Milk and Soy Beverages: Is There a Concern?

Andrade,

Ribeiro,

dos Santos

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Nowadays, there is an increased consumption of plant-based protein beverages like soy beverages (SBs) as substitutes for cow milk (CM). Both accumulate toxic metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn), which, although essential, are neurotoxic at high levels. Metals can also perturb the normal development of children. This work aimed to evaluate these metal concentrations in CM and SB purchased on the Portuguese market. After validation of the method, linearity of calibration curves, work range, detection and quantification limits, and selectivity, metals were determined in 14 CM and 14 SB brands using atomic absorption spectrometry. The values were compared between CM and SB and with permissible limit values. Soy beverages had significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of Cd (5.6 ± 4.2 µg/L) and Mn (117.4 ± 30.3) µg/L) than CM (2.15 ± 1.84 µg/L and 5.93 ± 1.21 µg/L, respectively); the Pb concentrations in CM (19.3 ± 12.1 µg/L) were not significantly (p > 0.05) higher than in SB (13.4 ± 9.6 µg/L). These values were similar to other studies and close to but under permissible limit values. Nevertheless, due to the toxicity and bioaccumulation of metals, the fact that these foods are routinely ingested by all ages, mainly children, and represent key ingredients in many processed foods, including baby foods, we suggest strict surveying of metal levels in CM and SBs.

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Animal Models of Childhood Exposure to Lead or Manganese: Evidence for Impaired Attention, Impulse Control, and Affect Regulation and Assessment of Potential Therapies

Smith

Strupp

2023

Neurotherapeutics

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Behavioral disorders involving attention and impulse control dysfunction, such as ADHD, are among the most prevalent disorders in children and adolescents, with significant impact on their lives. The etiology of these disorders is not well understood, but is recognized to be multifactorial, with studies reporting associations with polygenic and environmental risk factors, including toxicant exposure. Environmental epidemiological studies, while good at establishing associations with a variety of environmental and genetic risk factors, cannot establish causality. Animal models of behavioral disorders, when properly designed, can play an essential role in establishing causal relationships between environmental risk factors and a disorder, as well as provide model systems for elucidating underlying neural mechanisms and testing therapies. Here, we review how animal model studies of developmental lead or manganese exposure have been pivotal in (1) establishing a causal relationship between developmental exposure and lasting dysfunction in the domains of attention, impulse control, and affect regulation, and (2) testing the efficacy of specific therapeutic approaches for alleviating the lasting deficits. The lead and manganese case studies illustrate how animal models can advance knowledge in ways that are not possible in human studies. For example, in contrast to the Treatment of Lead Poisoned Children (TLC) human clinical trial evaluating succimer chelation efficacy to improve cognitive functioning in lead-exposed children, our developmental lead exposure animal model showed that succimer chelation can produce lasting cognitive benefits if chelation sufficiently reduces brain lead levels. In addition, this study revealed that succimer treatment in the absence of lead exposure produces lasting cognitive dysfunction, highlighting potential risks of chelation in off-label uses, such as the treatment of autistic children without a history of lead exposure. Our animal model of developmental manganese exposure has demonstrated that manganese can cause lasting attentional and sensorimotor deficits, akin to an ADHD-inattentive behavioral phenotype, thereby providing insights into the role of environmental exposures as contributors to ADHD. These studies have also shown that oral methylphenidate (Ritalin) can fully alleviate the deficits produced by early developmental Mn exposure. Future work should continue to focus on the development and use of animal models that appropriately recapitulate the complex behavioral phenotypes of behavioral disorders, in order to determine the mechanistic basis for the behavioral deficits caused by developmental exposure to environmental toxicants, and the efficacy of existing and emerging therapies.

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Manganese Intake in Babies: Drinking Water plus Formula Can Cause High Exposures

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Probabilistic risk assessment for determining nonessential metals in commercial infant formula products in Taiwan

Probabilistic risk assessment for determining nonessential metals in commercial infant formula products in Taiwan

Metals in Cow Milk and Soy Beverages: Is There a Concern?

Animal Models of Childhood Exposure to Lead or Manganese: Evidence for Impaired Attention, Impulse Control, and Affect Regulation and Assessment of Potential Therapies

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