Manganese‐guided cellular MRI of human embryonic stem cell and human bone marrow stromal cell viability

Clinical Stem Cell Imaging and In vivo Tracking

“…Because of the magnification effect at high field strengths, superparamagnetic nanoparticles can be used to track extremely small numbers of cells for up to several weeks. Previous studies have confirmed that stem cell traffic throughout the body can be noninvasively monitored in MRI by labeling cells with micrometer-sized iron oxide particles or superparamagnetic iron oxides (Mancardi, Saccardi et al 2001;Saiz, Carreras et al 2001;Daldrup-Link, Rudelius et al 2003;Saiz, Blanco et al 2004;Magnitsky, Watson et al 2005;Cheung, Chow et al 2006;Brekke, Williams et al 2007;Roberts, Price et al 2007;Suzuki, Yeung et al 2007;Arbab and Frank 2008;Kraitchman and Bulte 2008;Kraitchman, Gilson et al 2008;Kustermann, Himmelreich et al 2008;Mani, Adler et al 2008;Chapon, Jackson et al 2009;Yamada, Gurney et al 2009;Yang, Liu et al 2009;Drey, Ewert et al 2010;Flexman, Cross et al 2011;Jang, Ye et al 2011;Liu, Wang et al 2011). Yang et al have successfully tracked stem cells following administration to animals with myocardial infarction (MI) and showed that signal attenuation is observed at MI sites for the group of cases with MI (suggesting labeled cells accumulation), while no remarkable signal attenuation is observed for the sham group (Yang, Schumacher et al 2011).…”

Nanoparticles and clinically applicable cell tracking

“…75 Moreover, because of the fact that manganese is transported by calcium channels, MnCl 2 has been proposed as a cell labelling agent by which a direct read out of the viability of cells would be possible. 76 Because of the low relaxivity properties of MnCl 2 , nanoparticle formulations of manganese have been explored as T1 agents for cell labelling. This involves manganese oxide particles with variations in coating with the goal to improve biocompatibility, stability and/or relaxivity.…”

“…34,35,77 Most recently silica-coated MnO particles were shown to have excellent relaxivity properties, also at magnetic field strengths .3.0 T. This allowed for highly sensitive, positive contrast detection of MnO-labelled cells; in the order of several thousand cells (Table 1). Unfortunately, however, in various reports significant effects of MnO particles on cell functionality have also been reported, such as reduced cell survival 33,76,78 and impaired multipotent differentiation capacity. 34,79 These findings may significantly reduce interest for clinical translation of such approaches.…”

Pre- and postmortem imaging of transplanted cells

“…34 Among the contrast agents with manganese compounds as an MRI signal source, MnCl 2 , and mesoporous and hollow MnO nanoparticles have been employed. [35][36][37] An interesting study was performed with the systemic administration of MnCl 2 that made possible simultaneous monitoring and …”