Manganese‐Based Materials for Rechargeable Batteries beyond Lithium‐Ion

Abstract

etc., is essentially crucial to help combat these hazards and build a sustainable society. Among them, rechargeable battery has been regarded as a key technology. In the past decade, we have witnessed that the prevailing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) made our society more portable, intelligent, and cleaner. [17][18][19] Nevertheless, the limited lithium resources and rising cost hinder their applications in the long run, especially in the field of large-scale stationary energy storage for renewable energy resources (e.g., solar, tide, and wind power). Thus, it is a huge stimulus for researchers to explore more sustainable rechargeable battery systems, which are expected to involve abundant and nontoxic metals to reduce the cost and impacts on environment.Diversified rechargeable batteries such as, the monovalent sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), [20][21][22][23][24] potassium-ion batteries (PIBs), [25][26][27] bivalent zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), [28][29][30][31] magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs), [32][33][34][35] calcium-ion batteries (CIBs), [36][37][38][39] and trivalent aluminum-ion batteries (AIBs), [40][41][42] have emerged and shown great energy storage promise. As depicted in Figure 1a, those nonlithium metals are much more abundant than Li, especially Al, Ca, Na, K, and Mg, all of which rank the top-8 abundant elements in earth crust. For SIBs and PIBs, since Al would not form alloys with Na and K, Al foil can be used as anode collector, which further lowers the prices of SIBs and PIBs. On the other hand, the higher standard potential of Na/Na + (−2.71 V vs standard hydrogen electrode, SHE) and K/K + (−2.93 V) and their heavier atomic weights make energy densities of SIBs and PIBs intrinsically lower than that of LIBs. For multivalent-ion batteries, the multielectron transfer enables their volumetric capacities (e.g., 5857 and 8056 mA h cm −3 for Zn and Al, respectively) higher than that of Li (2042 mA h cm −3 ). [43,44] Additionally, the small cation radius of Zn 2+ (0.74 Å), Mg 2+ (0.72 Å), and Al 3+ (0.54 Å) indicate that many intercalation electrode materials typical in LIBs may be also potential hosts for reversible intercalation of these multivalent ions. Combining all the above merits, one can anticipate that these emerging rechargeable batteries would be considered as promising alternatives to LIBs.In quest of safe, cost-effective, and high-performance rechargeable batteries, two technical routes have been

Electrochemical reaction behavior of MnS in aqueous zinc ion battery

“…1,2 However, the application of lithium-ion batteries in large-scale energy storage devices is challenged by some intractable problems such as expensive battery components, limited reserves of lithium, and the toxicity and flammability of organic electrolytes. 3,4 The rechargeable aqueous metal ion batteries, which are assembled with aqueous solution electrolyte and earth abundant metal anode (e.g., Zn, Mg, and Al), are being revived due to their advantages of simple and convenient assembly, admirable security, and decent ionic conductivity. [5][6][7] Among them, the rechargeable zinc ion battery has aroused considerable attention due to its admirable safety, cost-effectiveness, moderate redox potential (−0.76 V vs. SHE), and decent theoretical capacity (∼820 mA h g −1 ) of the Zn anode.…”

“…[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] Among them, manganese-based compounds are considered as one of the most promising ones due to their competitive advantages of environment-friendliness, costeffectiveness, low toxicity, multiple valence states, and tunable structure/function. 3,4,14,18,27 Manganese oxides have been widely studied as zinc ion battery cathode materials and inspiring progress has been made. 4,14,[16][17][18][28][29][30][31] Most recently, MnS x , which is known as another important manganese-based compounds, has also been introduced in zinc ion batteries.…”

“…3,4,14,18,27 Manganese oxides have been widely studied as zinc ion battery cathode materials and inspiring progress has been made. 4,14,[16][17][18][28][29][30][31] Most recently, MnS x , which is known as another important manganese-based compounds, has also been introduced in zinc ion batteries. 7,8,32,33 For instance, Chen et al activated Zn-inactive MnS by in situ electrochemically converting it into Mn oxides in zinc ion battery.…”

Hierarchical α-MnO2nanowires as an efficient anode material for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

“…5 Therefore, it is imperative to develop highly efficient and advanced anode materials in building next-generation Li batteries with high specific capacity and high energy densities, so as to meet the ever-growing performance demands. 3,6–9…”

Rationally Designed Mn2O3–ZnMn2O4 Hollow Heterostructures from Metal–Organic Frameworks for Stable Zn‐Ion Storage

“…[15,16] To address these issues,rational design in composition and structure has been proven as an effective strategy to improve the long-term stability of Mn-based oxides. [17][18][19] Specifically, coupling Mn-based oxides and other active materials to form smart composites is considered as afeasible way to strengthen the electrochemical performance. [20][21][22] Theh ybrid configuration could combine all the advantageous features of each component and provide some beneficial synergetic effects.…”