Manganese as Fuel in Slow‐Burning Pyrotechnic Time Delay Compositions

Abstract

Manganese metal was evaluated as a fuel for slow-burning delay compositions pressfilled in aluminium or compaction-rolled in lead tubes. Oxides of antimony, bismuth, copper, manganese and vanadium were considered as oxidants. Measured burn rates for binary mixtures varied between 5 and 22 mm/s but slower burning ternary and quaternary compositions were also found. The addition of fumed silica to the Mn/MnO 2 system had little effect on the propagation rate but a low level addition of hollow glass sphere significantly reduced the burn rate. Mn -MnO 2 mixtures showed reliable burning over a wide stoichiometric range. In this system the fuel and the oxidant share a common metal. They combine to form the more stable intermediate oxide (MnO) releasing considerable quantities of heat in the process.

Review of Gasless Pyrotechnic Time Delays

“…This has led to concerted efforts to find 'green' replacements for traditional compositions. More 'environmentally friendly' oxidizers, e. g. potassium ferrate [24], and formulations have been proposed including B/Fe 2 O 3 [25], Mn/MnO 2 [26], Ti/C-3Ni/Al [27], B 4 C/NaIO 4 /PTFE [4], Si/CaSO 4 [19], and W/MnO 2 [28].…”

“…where D o [m 2 s À1 ] and E D [J mol À1 ] are the effective pre-exponential and apparent activation energy for the diffusion coefficient and d is a measure of the particle size distribution of the reactants expressed in m. The interpretation of the other variables is similar to those in equation (26). The two equations indicated above hold in the asymptotic limit where the ratio of typical spatial temperature differences to the Frank-Kamenetsky temperature is a very large parameter, i. e. it holds for large Zel'dovich numbers,…”

Mn+Sb2O3 Thermite/Intermetallic Delay Compositions

“…450 8Cb ut this is arrested by oxidationt oS b 2 O 4 at around 460 8C. The Sb 2 O 4 dissociates to form Sb 4 O 6 gas above 1050 8C, which leads eventually to complete mass loss into the vapor phase [15]. a) SEM inspection:" nano" = nanostructured and "micro" = monolithic particles.…”

Processing of the Bottomhole Zones of Oil Wells With Use of the Carbon Nanomaterials

“…[1][2][3] One of the cheapest and available methods of impact on bottomhole zone treatment (BHZ) is the method of thermogas-chemical method of influence with use of power saturated systems of various nature. There is a large number of thermogas-chemical sources on the basis of gunpowder, mixed fuels and pyrotechnic systems.…”