Mandibular Fractures in Far North Queensland: An Ethnic Comparison

Abstract

Clinically and statistically significant differences exist between the two ethnic groups. It is proposed that these differences are possible indicators that high rates of interpersonal violence exist in a community.

Economics of facial fracture reductions in the United States over 12 months

“…This variation may limit the use of those findings in guiding cost effective policy decisions to help reduce the incidence of hospitalizations because of these fractures in the United States. For example, motor vehicle accidents (MVA) as a cause of maxillofacial fractures varied from 5% in a study of Indigenous Australians (3) to 70% in a Canadian study (4) that constitutes a 14 times increased risk of maxillofacial fracture because of MVA between studies. Similarly, accidental falls as a cause of fractures varied from 7% in one study (5) to 26% in another study (6).…”

“…Existing research suggests that men tend to be the victims of fractures of the mandible or maxilla more frequently than women (3–5, 7–10). Existing studies also suggest that MVA or assault tends to be the most common causative events (3–5, 7, 8, 10–12), but there is large variation from studies in one country to another. An objective of our study is to identify populations who are most frequently victims of fractures of the mandible and maxilla.…”

Fractures in indigenous compared to non-indigenous populations: A systematic review of rates and aetiology

“…Our computer-assisted search strategy yielded 3227 articles, of which 708 were potentially eligible. After screening, 283 articles remained as potentially eligible; the full-texts of those articles were read and cross-referencing against our pre-determined criteria, and 262 full text articles were excluded, leaving 21 articles that met our selection criteria (Leslie et al, 2004, Leslie et al, 2005, Leslie et al, 2006, Leslie et al, 2012, Leslie et al, 2013, Cauley et al, 2007, Cauley et al, 2011, Adsett et al, 2013, Buchanan et al, 2005, Chen et al, 2010, Frech et al, 2012, Jandoc et al, 2015, Kieser et al, 2002, Kruger et al, 2006, MacIntosh and Pearson, 2001, MacMillan et al, 2010, Oberdan and Finn, 2007, Pratt and Holloway, 2001, Stott et al, 1980, Wong et al, 2013, Nelson et al, 2011). The most frequent reasons for articles failing to meet the eligibility criteria at this stage of the identification process were: archeological investigations of skeletons (n = 91); studies investigated bone mineral density (BMD); bone mineral content (BMC) or body composition (n = 50); study populations investigated with regards to ethnicity not indigenous status (n = 37); or dental-based studies (n = 31); with the remaining 53 articles excluded for other reasons (Table 1).…”

“…Combined, the studies encompassed analyses of approximately 123,000 indigenous persons; however, both the Women's Health Initiative dataset from the USA and the Province wide Manitoba administrative health database from Canada investigated in more than one study. Studies were performed in New Zealand (n = 7) (Adsett et al, 2013, Buchanan et al, 2005, Kieser et al, 2002, Stott et al, 1980, Barber et al, 1995, Norton et al, 1995, Koorey et al, 1992), the United States of America (USA) (n = 7) (Cauley et al, 2007, Cauley et al, 2011, Chen et al, 2010, Frech et al, 2012, Pratt and Holloway, 2001, Nelson et al, 2011, Barrett-Connor et al, 2005), Canada (n = 7) (Leslie et al, 2004, Leslie et al, 2005, Leslie et al, 2006, Leslie et al, 2012, Leslie et al, 2013, Jandoc et al, 2015, MacMillan et al, 2010), Australia (n = 5) (Kruger et al, 2006, MacIntosh and Pearson, 2001, Oberdan and Finn, 2007, Wong et al, 2013, Orchard et al, 2013) and Mexico (n = 1) (Beyene and Martin, 2001). Standardized, age-adjusted and/or annualized incident fracture rates or ratios were presented within 14 of the 27 articles, multivariable analyses were presented within 5 of the included articles, and 12 of the articles presented only descriptive results or had presented adjusted analyses that were not relevant to this systematic review; for instance time to mortality post-fracture for indigenous compared to non-indigenous persons (Leslie et al, 2013), the number of football games missed following fracture for indigenous compared to non-indigenous players (Orchard et al, 2013), the role played by parathyroid hormone (Cauley et al, 2011) or anemia status (Chen et al, 2010) on fracture risk within a group of indigenous persons, or the post-fracture care-gap among indigenous compared to non-indigenous populations (Leslie et al, 2012).…”

“…ICD-9/10 codes where providedFracture cause, incl. ICD-9/10 codes where providedType of results: IR, MR, DO Australia Orchard, 2013 [31]Indigenous: 182 (0%)Non-Indigenous: 4,310 (0%)23.6 (± 3.6)1992–2012Retrospective cross-sectional study; AFL players identified from annual AFL injury surveys conducted Australia wideFacial: (209; a)Clavicle: (99; a)Forearm/wrist/hand: (448; a)Leg/foot: (247; a)Leg/foot (stress): (345; a)Players' injury records databaseSports-relatedDOWong, 2013 [27]Indigenous: 201 (54.2%)Non-Indigenous: 11,643 (74.8%)≥ 401999–2009Age-standardized incidence rates over 10 years using the 2006 population from the Australian Bureau of Statistics as standard; cases retrospectively identified from the Western Australia HMDS, which included all public and private hospital admissions in the stateHip: (11,844; 1.7%)Hospital admissions; ICD-10 codes (Australian modification) S72.0, S72.1, S72.2External causes related to minimal trauma (ICD-10 codes W00, W01, W03-08, W18-19, W22, W50-51, W54.8)IRKruger, 2006 [17]Indigenous: 681 (33.5%)Non-Indigenous: 1,922 (14.7%)0 +1999–20002002–2003Age-specific and age-standardized rates over 4 years using population estimates calculated by the Health Department of Western Australia as derived from census data collected by the Australian Bureau of Statistics; cases identified from the Western Australia HMDS, which included all public and private hospital admissions in the stateMandibular: (1,611; a)Maxillary: (992; a)Total: (2,603; 26.2%)Hospital admissions; ICD-10 codes S02.4-S02.6aIROberdan, 2007 [24]Indigenous: 134 (23.9%)Non-Indigenous: 142 (14.8%)0 +1999–2002Retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study; cases presenting to the Cairns Base Hospital, Queensland, AustraliaMandibular: (444; 49%)Hospital records; ICD-9 codes 802.0-803.4 or ICD-10 codes S02.3-S02.9Assault, road traffic acci...…”