Mandatory Versus Incentive-Based State Zoning Reform Policiesfor Affordable Housing in the United States:A Comparative Assessment

Karki, Tej Kumar

doi:10.1080/10511482.2014.917691

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…For example, the Atlanta Beltline -a project that connects 45 neighborhoods via a loop of trails, tracks and parks in -set up a ring-fenced trust fund and advisory board for the of affordable housing (Immergluck and Balan, 2018). But the question of how the policies should be instituted, such as whether it should be mandatory or incentive-based (Karki, 2015) remains a topic of debate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Real Estate Externalities: Evidence on the Whole Foods Effect

Saengchote

2020

NJEDP

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Real estate amenities can create both benefits and costs to local community, which economists call externalities. Quantification of externalities is challenging because of potential endogeneity problems that render simple statistical analyses inaccurate, necessitating the use of a more rigorous econometric technique. Exploiting store expansion activities of Whole Foods Market to infer the causal impact of the Whole Foods Effect using the difference-in-differences strategy, we find that property prices within 0.5 mile of a new Whole Foods Market store increase on average by 6.7% after a new store opens.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying Real Estate Externalities: Evidence on the Whole Foods Effect

Saengchote

2020

NJEDP

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“…There are two distinct types of Inclusionary Housing (IH) strategies: (a) mandatory and (b) voluntary/incentive-based IH policies. Some studies have shown that mandatory IH policy approaches tend to yield better outcomes than incentive-based approaches (Armstrong et al, 2007;Been, Meltzer & Schuetz, 2007;Lerman, 2006;Karki, 2015;Schueltz et al, 2009;). The mandatory IH policy gives local authorities power to influence the production of affordable housing in new developments.…”

Section: Contemporary Housing Trends (1985 -Present): the Privatization And Marketization Of Housingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although some studies have raised issue with the voluntary, incentive-base IH approach and questioned its effectiveness (Karki, 2015;Armstrong et al, 2007;Lerman, 2006;Schueltz et al, 2009;Been, Meltzer & Schuetz, 2007), policy-makers in Toronto and Barrie noted that despite challenges in negotiating a middle grounds, developers were quite open to working with municipalities to improve the housing situation. In fact, Mayor Jeff Lehman, from the City of Barrie, and Sean Gadon, the Director of Housing, City of Toronto, suggested that several developers have in fact taken the cities up on that and utilized IZ tools.…”

Section: Voluntary Iz Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such to effectively deal with hidden homelessness though the IH policy, the province can move from incentive-based approaches to mandatory approaches. Mandatory IH strategies have been found to yield better outcomes than incentive-based approaches, in Cities across the United States of America, Britain, Australia and New Zealand (Karki, 2015;Armstrong et al, 2007;Lerman, 2006;Schueltz et al, 2009;Been, Meltzer & Schuetz, 2007).…”

Section: Recommendations In Light Of Women's Experiencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Redefining the Boundaries of Hidden Homelessness: An Examination of the Experiences of Women in Toronto and Barrie

Muzorewa¹

2021

Preprint

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Following the devolution of affordable housing to lower levels of government, municipalities have been partnering with private developers to address the growing problem of hidden homelessness, through the inclusionary housing (IH) policy. Very little has been written about this policy in Ontario, hence the purpose of this qualitative case study was (i) to uncover how women experience hidden homelessness in Toronto and Barrie, (ii) to analyze, understand, and evaluate the implementation of IH policy in Ontario, and (iii) to examine the effect of IH policy as it relates to women experiencing hidden homelessness in Toronto and Barrie. In-depth interviews were conducted with eleven women who were currently experiencing hidden homelessness or had a history of hidden homelessness, five policy experts, two private developers, and five frontline workers from community organizations working to end homelessness in Toronto and Barrie. An intersectional gender-based analysis was used to uncover the prevalence of hidden homelessness among women, and the effect of the IH policy in addressing this problem. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis and particular attention was given to women’s experiences with hidden homelessness and the perspectives of policy-makers and stakeholders. The findings suggests that, women experiencing hidden homelessness were situated within a hostile housing market where some were compelled to live in unsafe, substandard, overcrowded conditions, and were exposed to violence, while others lived in houses they could not afford, often working two jobs to cover rent. Although the introduction of Bill 7of the Affordable Housing Act, 2016, gave municipalities authority to implement IH strategies to boost affordable housing stock, yet slow implementation processes, challenges in negotiating a happy medium, red tape and the high cost of land, minimizes the effect of the IH strategy in Ontario. As such, the IH policy has not yielded any significant effect in Toronto or Barrie, and is only targeted at middle to upper middle income earners, at the exclusion of low-income women experiencing hidden homelessness. In addition, poor conceptualization of gendered homelessness, coupled with the absence of gendered statistics, and gender neutrality in the formulation and implementation of the IH policy, exacerbates women’s experiences with hidden homelessness. Moreover, a lack of political will to end homelessness further dampens the effects of IH strategies. Participants suggested a more integrative, multidimensional approach to ending homelessness.

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“…In many studies, limited zoning systems have made houses unaffordable for low-income and middle-class families in the United States. In this respect, each state has introduced mandatory policies that require zoning system reform for production of affordable homes [9]. Bonus zoning is a fee made by negotiated regulations and an important source of public funds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Planning Policy for Realizing Public Objectives Through Private Development in Seoul

Jung

2019

Sustainability

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This study aims to examine the relationship between urban development by the private sector and the urban planning incentive policy “FAR (Floor Area Ratio) bonus” and its effects on the city of Seoul in Korea. The results and characteristics of the incentive policy in the development process over the last five years in Seoul are investigated. An in-depth analysis of the mechanism of the floor area ratio incentive was conducted alongside measuring public design elements and the additional floor area compensated by private sectors for public benefit. The outcome of summarizing incentive implementations via quantitative analysis indicated that the policy focused on a narrow scope of target items, resulting in an imbalance in the implementation of public benefits and inflated incentive provisions. These quantitative results, exceeding those in non-special planning districts, misleadingly suggest a significant effectiveness of the incentive policy in generating operative public space. This study argues that the standards for establishing a balance between public and private benefit need a reform toward practical and qualitative impacts, while currently it is evaluated based on mere quantification. In conclusion, it is critical to implement policies that designate necessary public amenities in a selective manner and provide more judicious incentives to achieve a better-balanced planning system.

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Mandatory Versus Incentive-Based State Zoning Reform Policiesfor Affordable Housing in the United States:A Comparative Assessment

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Quantifying Real Estate Externalities: Evidence on the Whole Foods Effect

Quantifying Real Estate Externalities: Evidence on the Whole Foods Effect

Redefining the Boundaries of Hidden Homelessness: An Examination of the Experiences of Women in Toronto and Barrie

Urban Planning Policy for Realizing Public Objectives Through Private Development in Seoul

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