“…Although this study is similar to previous studies on the potential impacts of non-financial disclosure and FRQ on investment efficiency, it contributes to the existing literature – particularly to filling the gap in ESG disclosure research – in several ways. First, by considering overall ESG disclosure – that is, comprehensive non-financial disclosure, including environmental, social and governance information, and not just CSR – this study goes further than previous studies that only investigated the potential impact of CSR disclosure on investment efficiency (Leuz and Verrecchia, 2000; Bushman and Smith, 2001; Healy and Palepu, 2001; Hope and Thomas, 2008; Biddle et al , 2009; Chen et al , 2011; Gomariz and Ballesta, 2014; Makosa et al , 2020). Second, this study focuses on the specific potential impact of ESG disclosure on investment efficiency, while previous studies investigated other impacts, such as on the costs of capital and debt (Ellili, 2020; Raimo et al , 2021), as well as on financial performance (Farooq, 2015; Atan et al , 2016; Kengkathran, 2019; Albitar et al , 2020).…”