“…It has been widely accepted that engagements in CSR increase shareholders’ welfare. Many research papers study the impact of CSR on firm value and argue that CSR can bring various advantages to firms (see Godfrey, 2005; Luo and Bhattacharya, 2006; Lins et al ., 2017; Liu and Tian, 2019; Chen et al ., 2020) and reduce firm risk (see Sharfman and Fernando, 2008; Jo and Na, 2012; Albuquerque et al ., 2018; Benlemlih et al ., 2018). CSR has also been proven to be a protective measure that reduces drops in stock prices during a crisis period and immunises stakeholders against other sources of risk (Albuquerque et al ., 2020; Ding et al ., 2020).…”