Mandatory bicycle helmet use following a decade of helmet promotion in Victoria, Australia—An evaluation

Cameron, Max; Vulcan, A P; Finch, Caroline F.; Newstead, Stuart

doi:10.1016/0001-4575(94)90006-x

Cited by 167 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…11,18,20 All of these studies have included observations of large numbers of cyclists of all ages, adults and children. In 2 studies 11,18 there are insufficient data to estimate the number of children observed, and in 1 study 20 the number of children observed is small (Ͻ100 children in each observational year).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmet Legislation for Children: A Prospective Observational Study

et al. 2003

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ABSTRACT. Objective. To evaluate the influence of average family income in a geographic area on the effectiveness of helmet legislation on observed helmet use by children (5-14 years).Methods. The study was conducted in East York, a health district of Metropolitan Toronto, in collaboration with the East York Health Unit. In 1996, the total population was 107 822, 11 340 of which were children 5 to 14 years. Census data were used to group the 21 census tracts in East York into 7 geographically distinct areas. The boundaries of these areas are natural barriers to travel, such as expressways, ravines, railway tracks, and hydroelectric power lines. The areas were also ranked according to average family income (based on Statistics Canada data). For analytical purposes, areas were defined as low-, mid-, and high-income areas. Census data profiles of the areas have been previously described. For each consecutive year from 1990 to 1997 inclusive, direct observations of children riding bicycles in East York during the months of April through October were made. In 1995, observations were completed before the introduction of the law on October 1, 1995. Only children who were between 5 and 14 years of age and riding a 2-wheeled bicycle were included in the study. In total, 111 sites across all 7 areas were selected for observation. Observational sites included school yards of all elementary and middle schools (kindergarten to grade 8) and all parks in East York. In addition, 5 major intersections and 5 residential streets from each area were randomly selected. Observers were trained and used a standardized data collection form. A pilot study showed that the data collected by observers were reliable and valid. Observers remained at each site for 1 hour and collected data on helmet use and sex. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Hospital for Sick Children Research Ethics Board, the East York Board of Education, and the Metropolitan Separate School Board. The proportion of children who were wearing a bicycle helmet was estimated by year (1990 -1997, inclusive), sex (male, female), location (school, park, major intersection, residential street), and income area (low, mid, high). For estimating the effect of legislation on helmet use, data from the year immediately after legislation (1996) were compared with data from the year preceding legislation (1995). The relative risk (RR) of helmet use (after vs before legislation) was calculated along with a 95% confidence interval (CI). Logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounding variables (sex and location).Results Conclusions. This study showed that bicycle helmet use by children increased significantly after helmet legislation. In this urban area with socioeconomic diversity and in the context of prelegislation promotion and educational activities, the legislative effect was most powerful among children who resided in low-income areas. Pediatrics 2003;112:e192-e196. URL: http://www. pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/112/3/e192; socioecono...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmet Legislation for Children: A Prospective Observational Study

et al. 2003

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“…For example, during a multi-year education program, voluntary helmet use among Seattle school-aged children increased from 5.5% in 1987 to 40.2% in 1992 (15). From 1983 to 1990 in Melbourne, Australia, voluntary helmet use rose from 5% to 70% in primary school children, 2% to 20% in secondary students, and 27% to 40% in adults (16). Legislation alone has been followed by large gains in helmet use.…”

Section: Promotion Of Helmet Wearingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Australia head injuries decreased by 48% in the first and 70% in the second year after the introduction of legislation (16) and in Seattle, they decreased by two-thirds in five-to 14-year-olds from the beginning to the end of the education program mentioned above (15). This decrease in head injuries, as rates of helmet wearing increased, provides corroborating evidence that the strong association between helmet use and head injuries found in case-control studies is causal.…”

Section: Promotion Of Helmet Wearingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With respect to ridership effects, a single study (16) reported in 1993 showed a decrease in ridership rates in children and adolescents, but not in adults, two years following the introduction of legislation in Australia. On the other hand, ridership actually increased in children and adolescents one-year following legislation in East York, Ontario (30).…”

Section: Countering Opposition Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving bicycle safety: The role of paediatricians and family physicians

LeBlanc¹,

Huybers

2004

Paediatrics &Amp; Child Health

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Cycling is a complex activity requiring motor, sensory and cognitive skills that develop at different rates from childhood to adolescence. While children can successfully ride a two-wheeled bicycle at age five or six, judgment of road hazards are poor at that age and matures slowly until adult-like judgment is reached in early adolescence. Safe cycling depends on the care, skills and judgment of cyclists and motorists; roadway design that promotes safe coexistence of bicycles and motor vehicles; and the use of safety devices, including bicycle helmets, lights and reflective tape. Whereas, research into optimal roadway design and educational programs for drivers to improve road safety has yielded contradictory results, the benefits of bicycle helmet use and programs to enhance their use have been clearly shown. This paper has the following objectives for paediatricians and family physicians:1. To understand the relationship between bicycle safety and children's motor and cognitive skills.2. To understand the effectiveness and limitations of strategies to improve bicycle safety.3. To describe activities to promote bicycle safety that physicians can undertake in clinical settings and in the community.

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“…The effectiveness of such programs has been shown in studies of drinking and driving (e.g., Kinkade & Leone, 1992;Streff & Eby, 1994), safety belt use (e.g., Eby & Christoff, 1996;Jonah, Dawson, & Smith, 1982;Ulmer, Preusser, & Preusser, 1994); bicycle helmet use (e.g., Cameron, Vulcan, Finch, & Newstead, 1994;Coté, et al, 1992;Healy & Maisey, 1992;Macknin & Medendorp, 1994), and motorcycle helmet use (e.g., Chinier & Evans, 1987;Lund, Williams, & Womack, 1991;Streff, Eby, Molnar, Joksch, & Wallace, 1993).…”

Section: Operant (Instrumental) Conditioningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Matching Traffic Safety Strategies to Youth Characteristics: A Literature Review of Cognitive Development

Eby¹,

Molnar²

1998

PsycEXTRA Dataset

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In an effort to reduce the high crash rate and resulting injuries of young drivers, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has sponsored research to assess the factors responsible for this heightened crash risk and to determine the implications for traffic safety programs. As part of this research, this review of research literature was conducted to determine what is known about cognitive development and information processing capabilities of youth. The goal of the project was to ascertain how traffic safety programs should be structured to match these cognitive characteristics. The review is divided into 12 sections. This literature review focuses primarily on cognitive development from about 10 to 24 years of age. The first section is about memory; that is, the processes that allow a person to retain knowledge over time. The second section, attention, discusses the factors related to the development of how people focus cognitive resources on perceptual or mental tasks, including selective, divided, and sustained attention. The third section, learning, discusses the processes by which people acquire information. The fourth section, reasoning, discusses types of reasoning and the problems young people have with this type of thinking. The fifth section, motivation, examines the factors that initiate and influence the intensity of behaviors. The sixth section, is a discussion of the development of risk perception and factors that contribute to the misperception of risk. The seventh section discusses the development of problem solving and decision making in a general way. While influenced by all other cognitive factors and their age-related limitations, general deficits of problem solving and decision making ability are discussed. The eight section, social cognition, covers those topics in the development of social cognition that are likely to have an effect on driving: attribution theory and social schemata/scripts. The ninth section, attitude formation and change, discusses several factors related to attitudes and persuasion. The tenth section examines briefly the development of verbal ability, that is, all use of language. Because many traffic safety messages and programs deal with moral issues in driving, the AcknowledgmentsThis project was sponsored by the United States Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Several individuals provided valuable insight and feedback on this literature review. A group of talented people served as subject-matter experts. This group of experts suggested literature review topics and studies, read and commented on several versions of this manuscript, and participated in a 1-day meeting to discuss the issues involved with cognitive development and traffic safety messages and programs for youth. We thank them for their generous and worthwhile efforts. The people in this group were: Allen Bard, Douglas Bierness, Jacquelynne Eccles, John Hagen, Brian Jonah, Patrick O'Malley, John Palmer, David Rosen, J. Frank Yates, and Marc Z...

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Mandatory bicycle helmet use following a decade of helmet promotion in Victoria, Australia—An evaluation

Cited by 167 publications

References 5 publications

Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmet Legislation for Children: A Prospective Observational Study

Influence of Socioeconomic Status on the Effectiveness of Bicycle Helmet Legislation for Children: A Prospective Observational Study

Improving bicycle safety: The role of paediatricians and family physicians

Matching Traffic Safety Strategies to Youth Characteristics: A Literature Review of Cognitive Development

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