Managing white and Lutz spruce stands in south-central Alaska for increased resistance to spruce beetle.

Spruce beetles and forest ecosystems in south-central Alaska: A review of 30 years of research

“…windthrown, fire damaged, logging and land-clearing slash). Live spruce weakened by drought, flooding, ice and snow damage, defoliation, root diseases, root compaction, high tree densities, or advanced age are also susceptible to attack (Hard and Holsten, 1985). Spruce beetle populations also experience periodic eruptions at 30-to 50-year intervals, during which they can kill most healthy mature spruce Hard and Holsten, 1985;Holsten, 1990).…”

“…Land managers of forests susceptible to spruce beetle outbreaks should consider the use of silvicultural treatments to maintain vigorous tree growth and thereby minimize losses of spruce (Hard and Holsten, 1985) and the spread of spruce beetles. The first step in this strategy is to assess the amount of spruce mortality that would occur during an infestation (hazard; Holsten and Wolfe, 1979) with stands with moderate to high hazard the best candidates for treatment.…”

Arthropod associates of the spruce beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Col., Scolytidae) in spruce stands of south‐central and interior Alaska

“…In Alaska, the biology, host-selection behavior, and destructive impact of D. rujipennis have been studied extensively (BECKWITH, 1972;GARA and HOLSTEN, 1975;WERNER et al, 1977;FURNISS et al, 1979;HARD efal., 1983;WERNER and HOLSTEN, 1983, 1984, 1985HARD and HOLSTEN, 1986;HOLSTEN and WERNER, 1990). Biological control of Dendroctonus and Ips bark beetles is best described by KULHAVY and MILLER (1 989); however, the spruce beetle's natural enemy complex is known best from studies carried out in the Rocky Mountains (MASSEY and WYGANT, 1954;MCCAMBRIDGE and KNIGHT, 1972) and in interior Alaska by MILLER et al (1987MILLER et al ( , 1989.…”

MCH Released in a Novel Pheromone Dispenser Prevents Spruce Beetle, <I>Dendroctonus rufipennis</I> (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), Attacks in South-central Alaska

“…Silvicultural treatments, such as thinning, that maintain more resistant stands with moderate growth of residual trees are important tactics for reducing the susceptibility of spruce stands to spruce beetle outbreaks (Sartwell and Stevens 1975, Hard and Holsten 1985, Holsten et al 1999. For areas in which silvicultural manipulations are neither desirable nor possible, other tactics for reducing damage to spruce beetle, such as aggregant and antiaggregant pheromones, are being developed (Holsten 1994, Werner andHolsten 1995).…”