Managing waste from confined animal feeding operations in the United States: the need for sanitary reform

Graham, Jay P.; Nachman, Keeve E.

doi:10.2166/wh.2010.075

Cited by 48 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…For example, the concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) rules implemented under the Clean Water Act require certain IFAP operations to adopt measures to reduce nutrient pollution, such as by controlling manure runoff (27). The effectiveness of the CAFO rules, however, has been severely constrained by a lack of authority to mandate compliance (24), the limited capacity of the EPA to oversee state programs (57), and exemptions made for runoff during storms (when much of the pollution occurs) (194). Furthermore, as a result of industry pressure to weaken the scope of CAFO rules, they apply only to the largest operations, and do not regulate heavy metals, pathogens, antibiotics, or contaminants other than nutrients (57).…”

Section: Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effectiveness of the CAFO rules, however, has been severely constrained by a lack of authority to mandate compliance (24), the limited capacity of the EPA to oversee state programs (57), and exemptions made for runoff during storms (when much of the pollution occurs) (194). Furthermore, as a result of industry pressure to weaken the scope of CAFO rules, they apply only to the largest operations, and do not regulate heavy metals, pathogens, antibiotics, or contaminants other than nutrients (57). Air pollutants and odors from agricultural activities, with a few exceptions, remain exempt from federal (Clean Air Act) and state air-quality standards (194).…”

Section: Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Food System Policy, Public Health, and Human Rights in the United States

Shannon

Kim

McKenzie

et al. 2015

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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The US food system functions within a complex nexus of social, political, economic, cultural, and ecological factors. Among them are many dynamic pressures such as population growth, urbanization, socioeconomic inequities, climate disruption, and the increasing demand for resourceintensive foods that place immense strains on public health and the environment. This review focuses on the role that policy plays in defining the food system, particularly with regard to agriculture. It further examines the challenges of making the food supply safe, nutritious, and sustainable, while respecting the rights of all people to have access to adequate food and to attain the highest standard of health. We conclude that the present US food system is largely unhealthy, inequitable, environmentally damaging, and insufficiently resilient to endure the impacts of climate change, resource depletion, and population increases, and is therefore unsustainable. Thus, it is imperative that the US embraces policy reforms to transform the food system into one that supports public health and reflects the principles of human rights and agroecology for the benefit of current and future generations.

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Section: Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consolidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food System Policy, Public Health, and Human Rights in the United States

Shannon

Kim

McKenzie

et al. 2015

Annu. Rev. Public Health

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“…Unlike human biosolids, no treatment is required prior to discharge of animal wastes, which are almost entirely (>90%) disposed of onto land (Graham and Nachman, 2010). Storage of poultry house litter or of swine waste, without specific composting procedures, does not reduce the burden of pathogens and AMR determinants (Gerba and Smith, 2005; Graham et al, 2009a).…”

Section: Animal Wastes: the Connector Between The Gut Microbiome Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Learning from agriculture: understanding low-dose antimicrobials as drivers of resistome expansion

2014

FMICB

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Antimicrobial resistance is a growing public health challenge worldwide, with agricultural use of antimicrobials being one major contributor to the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Globally, most antimicrobials are used in industrial food animal production, a major context for microbiomes encountering low-doses or subtherapeutic-levels of antimicrobial agents from all mechanistic classes. This modern practice exerts broad eco-evolutionary effects on the gut microbiome of food animals, which is subsequently transferred to animal waste. This waste contains complex constituents that are challenging to treat, including AMR determinants and low-dose antimicrobials. Unconfined storage or land deposition of a large volume of animal waste causes its wide contact with the environment and drives the expansion of the environmental resistome through mobilome facilitated horizontal genet transfer. The expanded environmental resistome, which encompasses both natural constituents and anthropogenic inputs, can persist under multiple stressors from agriculture and may re-enter humans, thus posing a public health risk to humans. For these reasons, this review focuses on agricultural antimicrobial use as a laboratory for understanding low-dose antimicrobials as drivers of resistome expansion, briefly summarizes current knowledge on this topic, highlights the importance of research specifically on environmental microbial ecosystems considering AMR as environmental pollution, and calls attention to the needs for longitudinal studies at the systems level.

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“…Although the industrial poultry house often is assumed to be biocontained and biosecure, multiple pathways connect it with surrounding ecosystems . These are ventilation systems required to keep crowded animals alive; movement of rodents (Henzler and Opitz 1992), wild birds (Leibler et al 2009), and insects ) in and out of confinement facilities; and transfer of wastes Graham and Nachman 2010). These conditions release viable bacteria and ARGs into surrounding environments, water systems, and wild animal reservoirs Chee-Sanford et al 2009;Baquero et al 2008;Silbergeld et al 2008).…”

Section: Farms: Spread Of Antibiotic Resistance Genes In the Food Chainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Application of litter onto open fields can impact the soil microbiome locally to regionally through run-off and air-borne drift. The USA has no regulatory requirements for treating animal wastes, leading to uncontrolled waste storage before land disposal Graham and Nachman 2010). Simple storage methods do not affect prevalence of pathogens nor drug-resistant pathogens ).…”

Section: Farms: Spread Of Antibiotic Resistance Genes In the Food Chainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: Impact on Human Health

Broszat

Grohmann

2013

Environmental Deterioration and Human Health

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Antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria pose a high threat to human health, but the environmental reservoirs of resistance genes are poorly understood. The origins of antibiotic resistance in the environment are relevant to human health because of the increasing importance of zoonotic diseases as well as the requirement for predicting emerging resistant pathogens. Only little is known about the antibiotic resistomes of the great majority of environmental bacteria, although there have been calls for a greater understanding of the environmental reservoirs of antibiotic resistance. The data on antibiotic resistance before the antibiotic era and in soil show how far away we are from a complete picture about the ecology of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Most of the natural antibiotic producers reside in soil, but soil is a particularly challenging habitat due to its chemical and physical heterogeneity. The prevalence and diversity of ARGs in the environment led to hypotheses about the native roles of resistance genes in natural microbial communities.This chapter gives an overview on the occurrence of antibiotic resistance determinants in different environments, discusses the environmental sources, the functions and roles of resistance determinants in microbial ecology, and the ways by which those genes may be disseminated in response to human antibiotic use. It also describes molecular methodologies used to study antibiotic resistance dissemination in the environment and attempts to assess the risks associated with resistance spread in the environment for human health.

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Managing waste from confined animal feeding operations in the United States: the need for sanitary reform

Cited by 48 publications

References 123 publications

Food System Policy, Public Health, and Human Rights in the United States

Food System Policy, Public Health, and Human Rights in the United States

Learning from agriculture: understanding low-dose antimicrobials as drivers of resistome expansion

Spread of Antibiotic Resistance in the Environment: Impact on Human Health

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