Managing the Technological Edge: The UNESCO International Computation Centre and the Limits to the Transfer of Computer Technology, 1946-61

Abstract

The spread of the modern computer is assumed to have been a smooth process of technology transfer. This view relies on an assessment of the open circulation of knowledge ensured by the US and British governments in the early post-war years. This article presents new historical evidence that question this view. At the centre of the article lies the ill-fated establishment of the UNESCO International Computation Centre. The project was initially conceived in 1946 to provide advanced computation capabilities to scientists of all nations. It soon became a prize sought by Western European countries like The Netherlands and Italy seeking to speed up their own national research programs. Nonetheless, as the article explains, the US government's limitations on the research function of the future centre resulted in the withdrawal of European support for the project. These limitations illustrate the extent to which US foreign science policy could operate as (stealth) industrial policy to secure a competitive technological advantage and the prospects of US manufacturers in a future European market.

Assyrian merchants meet nuclear physicists: history of the early contributions from social sciences to computer science. The case of automatic pattern detection in graphs (1950s–1970s)

“…Despite the relatively few numbers of affairs and merchants, this type of analysis quickly raised combinatorial explosion, requiring the use of a computer. The calculations were carried out by André Debroux (1932-) and Peter Ihm (1926-2014 (Gardin and Garelli 1961, 875). Debroux was working for IBM Belgium, while collaborating with the GRISA, and Ihm, a German statistician, was a member of the GRISA.…”

Assyrian Merchants meet Nuclear Physicists: History of the Early Contributions from Social Sciences to Computer Science. The Case of Automatic Pattern Detection in Graphs (1950s-1970s)

“…Despite the relatively few numbers of affairs and merchants, this type of analysis quickly raised combinatorial explosion, requiring the use of a computer. The calculations were carried out by André Debroux (1932-) and Peter Ihm (1926-2014 (Gardin and Garelli 1961, p. 875). Debroux was working for IBM Belgium, while collaborating with the GRisa, and Ihm, a German statistician, was a member of the GRisa.…”