“…Learner characteristics are very important for instructional designers because they enable them to design and create customized learning for the target group (İşman, 2011). Literacy ability in the learning process is an important aspect to absorb the information properly and correctly for learners (Hakim, 2021). In general, the characteristics of students that need attention in learning planning include (1) characteristics related to initial abilities, such as intellectual abilities, thinking skills, and movement abilities; (2) characteristics related to socio-cultural background and status; and (3) characteristics related to personality differences, such as traits, attitudes, feelings, interests, and talents (Sitanggang & Saragih, 2013).…”