Managements for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults: Review

Abstract

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent obstruction of the pharyngeal airway during sleep, with resultant hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. It is more common in middle-aged obese men and prevalence is higher in most obese people. However, prevalence is high in African-Americans. OSA is associated with major comorbidities including excessive daytime sleepiness and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. First and foremost, OSA management starts from educating patients about short-term consequences like motor vehicle accidents, behavioral modifications, long term consequences like cardiopulmonary disease, and resistant high blood pressure. Various types of management options are available for OSA such as weight loss, CPAP, oral appliances, and surgery. The review aims to explain the pathophysiology and cause of the obstruction of the airway in order to choose proper management carefully to decrease the symptoms and cure the disease.

Identification of key genes and immune infiltration modulated by CPAP in obstructive sleep apnea by integrated bioinformatics analysis

“…Other treatments are less common. For example, oral appliances are proven to be less effective than CPAP, especially in severe OSA [ 26 ]. Since traditional efficacy monitoring method PSG is expensive and time-consuming, the establishment of predictive biomarkers for OSA therapy response has become a priority.…”

Efficacy and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of stroke complicated with sleep apnea syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

“…The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (Third Edition) states that sleep-related respiratory disorders include obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAs), central sleep apnea syndrome (CSAs), sleep-related hypopnea disorder, and sleep-related hypoxemia disorder. [ 1 ] The most common type is OSAs, characterized by partial or complete collapse of the upper airway during sleep, [ 2 ] causing snoring, morning headaches, daytime sleepiness, memory loss, and a series of symptoms. The incidence rate of CSAs is significantly lower than that of OSAs, and it is not related to anatomic obstruction but to insufficient respiratory drive leading to ventilatory disorders.…”

Demographic, anthropometric, and metabolic characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea patients from Romania before the COVID‑19 pandemic

“…The increasing incidence of OSA in the pediatric population, due to major lifestyle changes with access to unhealthy food and decrease in physical activity, is even more alarming (7). Surgery should represent the last line in the treatment of OSA, procedures ranging from turbinate reduction to uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and maxillomandibular advancement (8). The new situation of the COVID-19 pandemic brought to attention other aspects of using CPAP and the risk of increasing air droplets and aerosols in sleep medicine practice (9).…”