Management options for addressing the persistent and unresolved CITES issue of Madagascar’s rosewood stocks and stockpile

Abstract

Stocks and stockpiles of CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora) listed wildlife, including animal and plant-derived products, remain a complex, unresolved issue. The biggest challenges lie in the prevention of further illegal sourcing of—and trade in—products originating from wild populations of threatened species. Stocks can function as a buffer during lean periods or as a mechanism used for speculation. As we outline in this paper, the current situation in Madagascar precludes non-detriment findings intended to enable sustainable use of standing rosewood populations. Backed by the World Bank, the previous Malagasy government was in the process of promoting the sale of massive stocks and stockpiles of confiscated precious woods in order to reach a zero stocks goal, this being ostensibly to halt the illegal sourcing and trafficking of rosewood. We propose and analyse four potential options for stocks management by presenting a framework linking forest management with socio-economic objectives and comparative risks. Destruction (burning) of the known stocks would send out a strong conservation message and has the strongest chance of halting further sourcing, which happens mostly in protected areas and is therefore illegal. National trade is the option in which a precious timber sector would process the woods in stocks. This option is the most beneficial for development. Opening the stocks for exportation through international trade achieves the smallest number of objectives in relation to both forests and socio-economic indicators, but comes with the highest risks in terms of curbing further illegal logging. Banking represents a fourth option, which essentially postpones any decision related to stocks management by storing the stocks for extended periods. None of the four management options is able to ensure a sustainable solution that can resolve the issues surrounding the precious timber stocks. The approaches put forward are either just ‘more good’, or ‘less good’. If a country is seriously interested in conserving its biodiversity, any government has to ensure that no other sectorial changes will counteract, or potentially undermine, the efforts to protect the environment. Stocks management will be on agenda at the upcoming COP18 in Geneva, 17–28 August 2019.

The elephant in the room: Madagascar's rosewood stocks and stockpiles

“…as the dominant tree species utilized for hongmu furniture. Now that kosso is listed on Appendix II, traders are redirecting attention to other, non‐CITES species like Burmese padauk Pterocarpus macrocarpus Kurz (Wilmé et al., 2019).…”

“…In the case of ivory, statistics point to the theory that increased poaching feeds illegal stockpiles that are being gathered and used for speculative purposes. For example, the demand in Asia does not correspond with the influx of Ivory (Wilmé et al., 2019). There is a gap between the estimated quantity of ivory being imported and amount being processed (‘t Sas‐Rolfes et al., 2014): demand for carvings is thought to account for vastly less ivory than that available in the market (Stiles, Martin, & Moyle, 2015).…”

“…Fluctuations may be driven by increased international demand for a product or an increase in its rarity (Wyatt & Brisman, 2017). Concerns with stockpile management are particularly salient for high traded, large volume commodities, of which illegally trafficked precious timber is among the highest of any plant‐derived products traded (Wilmé et al., 2019, and references therein). CITES has been devoting attention to trade regulation of high‐value hardwood species since the Brazilian Dalbergia nigra (Vell.)…”

“…For decades prior to 2013, forest regulations facilitated sourcing and exporting of rosewood (Waeber et al., 2019). Periodic attempts to halt the illegal logging—primarily through confiscation of logs and prosecution of illegal loggers—led to accumulation of substantial stockpiles of seized rosewood in locations scattered throughout the country (Wilmé et al., 2019).…”