Management of urinary tract infections in the elderly

Abstract

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infection and the first cause of bacteremia in the elderly. With increasing age the female to male ratio decreases and UTI becomes almost half as frequent in men compared to women. Significant bacteriuria exists in about 40% of institutionalized women. But asymptomatic bacteriuria is neither the cause of morbidity nor associated with a higher mortality rate and thus should not be treated. Symptomatic infection in women without complicating factors is most often caused by E. coli and may be treated with 3 or 7 day regimens of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or fluoroquinolones (FQ). In the presence of symptoms of upper tract infection or complicating factors, urine culture is mandatory and will detect multiple and/or resistant microorganisms in most cases. Empirical treatment has to be adapted according to the sensitivity once established and should be administered for at least 10 days. Most of the patients above 65 and virtually all patients above 80 present either with general debility or diabetes or other factors such as bladder outflow obstruction or abnormal bladder function and have to be considered as presenting with complicated UTI. Indwelling catheters should be removed if possible, otherwise be changed.

Risk factors for lower urinary tract infection and bacterial stent colonization in patients with a double J ureteral stent

“…Age related conditions (bladder outlet obstruction, hormonal changes, and bladder connective tissue changes) can increase urinary tract infection [13]. We found that the lower urinary tract infection rate increased in patients older than 40 years, but this finding was not statistically significant.…”

Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract

“…GBS is estimated to cause approximately 1-2% of all monomicrobial UTIs [ 180 ]. Other studies of elderly populations with UTI show an involvement of GBS in as many as 39% of nursing home residents over 70 years of age [ 181 ]. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) and UTI caused by GBS are common not only among the elderly, but also in pregnant, diabetic, and immunocompromised individuals, as well as those with pre-existing urologic abnormalities, groups with higher risk of ascending pyelonephritis that can progress to bacteremia and/or urosepsis [ 10 , 182 -184 ].…”

Gram-Positive Uropathogens, Polymicrobial Urinary Tract Infection, and the Emerging Microbiota of the Urinary Tract

“…GBS is estimated to cause approximately 1–2% of all monomicrobial UTIs [180]. Other studies of elderly populations with UTI show an involvement of GBS in as many as 39% of nursing home residents over 70 years of age [181]. Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) and UTI caused by GBS are common not only among the elderly, but also in pregnant, diabetic, and immunocompromised individuals, as well as those with pre-existing urologic abnormalities, groups with higher risk of ascending pyelonephritis that can progress to bacteremia and/or urosepsis [10, 182–184].…”