Management of Solid Waste Containing Fluoride—A Review

Abstract

Technological and economic development have influenced the amount of post-production waste. Post-industrial waste, generated in the most considerable amount, includes, among others, waste related to the mining, metallurgical, and energy industries. Various non-hazardous or hazardous wastes can be used to produce new construction materials after the “solidification/stabilization” processes. They can be used as admixtures or raw materials. However, the production of construction materials from various non-hazardous or hazardous waste materials is still very limited. In our opinion, special attention should be paid to waste containing fluoride, and the reuse of solid waste containing fluoride is a high priority today. Fluoride is one of the few trace elements that has received much attention due to its harmful effects on the environment and human and animal health. In addition to natural sources, industry, which discharges wastewater containing F− ions into surface waters, also increases fluoride concentration in waters and pollutes the environment. Therefore, developing effective and robust technologies to remove fluoride excess from the aquatic environment is becoming extremely important. This review aims to cover a wide variety of procedures that have been used to remove fluoride from drinking water and industrial wastewater. In addition, the ability to absorb fluoride, among others, by industrial by-products, agricultural waste, and biomass materials were reviewed.

Taking a look at the surface: μ-XRF mapping and fluorine K-edge μ-XANES spectroscopy of organofluorinated compounds in environmental samples and consumer products

“…43 These findings could be confirmed by their respective LC fit spectra, suggesting AlF 3 and CaF 2 as the dominant species and organofluorinated compounds as minor fluoroorganic discharge. The presence of both inorganic 44 and organic fluorinated species in sludge samples is not surprising and well reported by others previously. 5,6…”

“…43 These ndings could be conrmed by their respective LC t spectra, suggesting AlF 3 and CaF 2 as the dominant species and organouorinated compounds as minor uoroorganic discharge. The presence of both inorganic 44 and organic uorinated species in sludge samples is not surprising and well reported by others previously. 5,6 Consumer product samples Similarly, m-XRF map images were obtained for selected consumer products, as they were reported to emit substances of health and environmental concern.…”

Sulfate Doping Promotes Agglomeration of Calcium Fluoride Crystals

“…For example, the concentration of sulfate in the semiconductor industry may be hundreds of mg/L, the fertilizer industry may be tens of mg/L, and the battery industry may be as high as tens of thousands of mg/L. − Sulfate, as the main coexisting ion in high-fluorine wastewater, ,− was the focus of the research. However, previous studies have focused only on the influence of high concentrations (sulfate concentration above 1000 mg/L) of sulfate, which decreased the purity of calcium fluoride and inhibited the removal of fluoride ions by coprecipitation. ,,, The role of sulfate in the precipitation of calcium fluoride under low-saturation conditions (to ensure that the solubility product of calcium sulfate in the solution is lower than the solubility of sulfate to avoid the formation of calcium sulfate) were ignored. Hence, it is necessary to determine the limit of the sulfate concentration in high-fluorine wastewater to further improve the recovery of calcium fluoride.…”

Investigation of Production Wastes Upon Roasting Mechanically Activated Phosphorite and Utilisation of Fluorine Compounds

“…Organomineral fertilizers are a combination of organic and mineral components that help improve soil fertility and increase crop yields [13][14] . The authors M. Olejarczyk et al 15) emphasize that the study of waste production and utilization of fluoride compounds is of great social importance, as it allows protecting of human health, reducing disease risks, and maintaining the quality of the environment for current and future generations.…”