Management of radiation therapy patients with cardiac defibrillator or pacemaker

Abstract

The increasing growth of population with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) such as Pacemaker (PM) and Implantable Cardiac Defibrillators (ICD), requires particular attention in management of patients needing radiation treatment. This paper updates and summarizes some recommendations from different international guidelines. Ionizing radiation and/or electromagnetic interferences could cause device failure. Current approaches to treatment in patients who have these devices vary among radiation oncology centres. We refer to the German Society of Radiation Oncology and Cardiology guidelines (ed. 2015); to the Society of Cardiology Australia and New Zealand Statement (ed. 2015); to the guidelines in force in the Netherlands (ed. 2012) and to the Italian Association of Radiation Oncology recommendations (ed. 2013) as reported in the guidelines for the treatment of breast cancer in patients with CIED. Although there is not a clear cut-off point, risk of device failure increases with increasing doses. Cumulative dose and pacing dependency have been combined to categorize patients into low-, medium- and high-risk groups. Measures to secure patient safety are described for each category. The use of energy ≤6MV is preferable and it's strongly recommended not to exceed a total dose of 2 Gy to the PM and 1 Gy for ICD. Given the dangers of device malfunction, radiation oncology departments should adopt all the measures designed to minimize the risk to patients. For this reason, a close collaboration between cardiologist, radiotherapist and physicist is necessary.

Inevitable high-dose irradiation to lead of implantable cardioverter defibrillator in small cell lung cancer: a case report

“…High photon energy of >10 MV makes it possible to produce neutrons, which affects the function of CIEDs, and Salerno et al recommended the application of low energy of ≤6 MV [16]. Gelblum et al .…”

Radiation-Related Heart Disease: Up-to-Date Developments

“…The potential interactions between high doses of radiation and the function, longevity, and integrity of the CIEDs, as well as the harm to the patients, remain unclear. The results of a recent review [60,61] showed that the risk of device failure increases with increasing radiation doses, without a clear cutoff point. For patients with pacemakers, the delivered total radiation dose to the device was strongly recommended not to exceed 2 Gy and the dose in patients with implantable cardiac defibrillators should be within 1 Gy.…”

Management of Patients With Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices in Dental, Oral, and Maxillofacial Surgery

“…Ionizing radiation exposure of 10 Gy can damage the random access memory of CIEDs used in programming and interrogation. 24 Salerno et al 24 recommend that, in general, ionizing radiation photonic energy be kept below 6 mV, and that therapeutic radiation to the head and neck region not exceed 2-10 Gy. In another study, 69 patients were studied for evidence of CIED interference or malfunction during radiation therapy.…”