Management of penile cancer

Ornellas, Antônio Augusto

doi:10.1002/jso.20893

Cited by 30 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…However, incidence rates are greater in countries of the developing world, where it may account for 10% of reported cancers. Malawi, Uganda, Brazil, Paraguay, Columbia, Vietnam and India report an ASR greater than 2.0 per 100,000 [9,45].…”

Section: Penile Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Burden of HPV-Associated Anogenital Cancers

Wakeham

Kavanagh

2014

Curr Oncol Rep

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The epidemiology of anogenital cancers is under going substantial change. Cervical cancer remains a major public health concern, particular in resource-limited settings. Cancers of the anus, penis, vagina and vulva are relatively uncommon cancers, but may be increasing in incidence. The change in occurrence of anogenital cancers may be due to increasing HPV transmission secondary to changes in sexual behaviour. Screening programmes and the HPV vaccine offer optimism that anogenital cancers can be prevented. This article reviews the epidemiology of anogenital cancers with a focus on Scottish data.

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Section: Penile Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incidence rates of penile cancer reflect the presence of underlying risk factors for the disease. Risk factors largely relate to genital hygiene, chronic inflammation and persistent HPV infection [45,46,47]. Circumcision is protective and is associated with a three-fold reduction in risk of penile cancer [46].…”

Section: Penile Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

The Burden of HPV-Associated Anogenital Cancers

Wakeham

Kavanagh

2014

Curr Oncol Rep

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“…It has been criticized for prognostic inadequacies as well as for the difficulty of properly assessing clinical stage using only the physical exam and imaging (7). Indeed, some authors choose to report contemporary series according to the 1978 classification (8,9), due in part to a belief that therapy should be determined only by the prior assignment of a clinical stage (10,11).…”

Section: Stagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, certain modifications have been introduced to lessen the chances of a severe complication. Many of the issues that arise are wound related complications; the use of a Gibson incision has been advocated by some authors to reduce them (10). Minimally invasive means of performing inguinal lymphadenectomy, via straight laparoscopy or with robotic assistance, have practically eliminated cutaneous complications (70)(71)(72)(73)(74).…”

Section: Assessment Of the Inguinal Nodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update in the management of penile cancer

et al. 2009

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Purpose: The management of penile cancer has evolved as less invasive techniques are applied in the treatment of the primary tumor and inguinal lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: Herein we review the literature focusing on advances in the preservation of the phallus as well as less morbid procedures to evaluate and treat the groins. Results: Promising imaging modalities for staging are discussed. New techniques are described and tables provided for penile preservation. We also review the contemporary morbidity of modified surgical forms for evaluation of the inguinal nodes. Conclusions: Advances in surgical technique have made phallic preservation possible in a greater number of primary penile cancers. The groins can be evaluated for metastasis with greater accuracy through new radiologic means as well as with less morbid modified surgical techniques.

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“…In contrast, their incidence is significantly higher in some less developed countries in South America, Africa and Asia, accounting for as much as 10-20% of male cancers [2,3]. The annual incidence of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) increases with age, with a median age of 68 years [4,5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Checkpoint Inhibitors Provide New Hope for Management Of Metastatic Penile Carcinoma?

et al. 2018

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Penile carcinomas are rare in the USA, Europe and other industrialized countries [1]. In contrast, their incidence is significantly higher in some less developed countries in South America, Africa and Asia, accounting for as much as 10-20% of male cancers [2,3]. The annual incidence of penile squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) increases with age, with a median age of 68 years [4,5]. Many factors are known to increase the risk of developing a precursor lesion or a SCC of the penis, such as phimosis, HPV, HIV and tobacco exposure [6][7][8][9]. A number of medical conditions are also associated with an increased risk of developing penile cancer: a history of penile injury, tear, or chronic rash lasting one month or longer; a history of urethral structure, urinary tract infection or genital warts [8]. It is interesting to note that sexual orientation (heterosexual, bisexual/homosexual) is not a risk factor for penile cancer [9].The majority of penile cancers are diagnosed at a local stage (61%); these cancers are characterized by early locoregional spread with subsequent potential for distant dissemination [10]. Disseminated metastatic penile cancers are treated based on the localizations of the metastases, the symptoms of the patients and their performance status [11]. In general, for the treatment of metastatic penile cancer, systemic chemotherapy, radiation therapy or chemoradiation can be considered [12]. Given the rarity of penile cancer, there are no randomized clinical trials to define the preferred chemotherapeutical regimen [13,14].With the tsunami of checkpoint inhibitors during the last 3 years, these potent anticancer agents showed remarkable results in the management of different malignancies. During the last few years, checkpoint inhibitors were approved in melanoma, non-small-cell lung cancer, bladder cancer, squamous cell head and neck cancer, renal cell carcinoma and Hodgkin's lymphoma. They were tested in rare cancers where no strong standard of care treatment was present [15].We aimed in this paper to first describe the standard treatment of metastatic penile cancer. Given the fact that checkpoint inhibitors are demonstrating promising results in different malignancies, we then focused on their potential role in the management of this rare disease based on histology, risk factors and ongoing trials results.The rationale behind the use of checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic penile cancers In the absence of highly efficient therapies in the treatment of metastatic penile carcinoma, this rare tumor seems to be an interesting landscape for exploring checkpoint inhibitors. Different histologic, epidemiologic and therapeutic aspects encouraged researchers to test this drug in this malignancy. In fact, checkpoint inhibitors showed interesting results in virus-induced cancer, namely those related to HPV in SCC of the head and neck, the cervix and the anus [16]. This is mainly attributed to a specific immunologic profile probably related to a higher mutational load of these tumors and a higher expression of PD-...

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Management of penile cancer

Cited by 30 publications

References 5 publications

The Burden of HPV-Associated Anogenital Cancers

The Burden of HPV-Associated Anogenital Cancers

Update in the management of penile cancer

Do Checkpoint Inhibitors Provide New Hope for Management Of Metastatic Penile Carcinoma?

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