Management of pandemic or large-scale emergencies in Germany with a focus on the current and potential role of university schools of dentistry: Can it help in COVID-19 time?

Abstract

Background The study presented here systematically examines the potential involvement of dental, oral and maxillofacial centres (ZMK) in the management of pandemia or in large-scale emergencies. It looks at available material and infrastructural resources and how they can be brought to bear in such incidents or situations. The aim was to gain an initial scientific overview of how ZMK can potentially contribute to the handling of a pandemia or mass casualty (MASCAL) situation in terms of available resources as well as their location within the hospital as a whole and their integration into the existing infrastructure. The study was conducted on the basis of a questionnaire consisting of 70 individual questions, which was sent to all universities in Germany that offer a course of study in dental medicine. The responses were then statistically evaluated. Results The study outlines the current status of ZMK and discusses what could be an important component of emergency medical care in the overall hospital context. Conclusion The involvement of ZMK—with their own resources and existing infrastructural links to the hospital as a whole—could lead to faster and more effective patient treatment in the event of a pandemic or MASCAL situation.

Social media and election under covid-19 pandemic in Malang regency Indonesia

“…2020 regulates the continuation of the December 2020 Pilkada with the issue of the Covid-19 Health protocol in its implementation for the Organizing Committee, Regional Government, Election Contestants, and the Community. This is in line with the International Standards of the Principles of Democracy, the elections must be held in a conducive socio-political environment, where the freedom of human rights is upheld and political pluralism is growing [13], [10], [12].…”

“…Research related to elections during the COVID-19 pandemic shows that: election organizers in countries holding general elections during the COVID-19 pandemic face various emerging challenges [19], therefore the elections during the pandemic are carried out by implementing strict health protocols and campaigns are prohibited from gathering large numbers of people [21], [22]; during the covid-19 pandemic campaigns involving large masses are limited and must comply with health protocols [17], [18], [19]; the politician or candidates using social and mass media in conveying information and campaigns [31]; using newspapers, radio, and television to carry out campaigns or outreach to the public [17], [20], [23], [24]; webinars or online seminars are less attractive to the public in the context of regional elections in the midst of a pandemic [20]; elections must be held in a conducive socio-political environment, [10], [12]; the impact of the pandemic can worsen the democratic situation in countries that have experienced democratic erosion [8], even though the disaster had no impact on the incumbent's popularity [29]; furthermore, the general election in Indonesia after the New Order was colored by money politics due to the high competition between candidates [30], [31].…”

“…The pandemic has also created an unprecedented global problems in holding elections [9], [12]. Decision-makers and election authorities face difficult choices on whether to postpone elections or implement them with the security measures necessary to protect voters, election officials, and other participants [9], [10]. Lots of policies carried out in many countries to prevent the spread of this disease have transformed people's lives on various fronts [3], [5].…”