“…This area of research reflects the major problems in clinical nursing research related to symptom assessment and management, especially biologically based and physically experienced symptoms which have strong perceptual and behavioral components (Lindsey & Shaver, 1999). The major symptoms that have been examined include mobility and altered physical activity (Smith & MacVicar, 1999), dyspnea (Carrieri-Kohlman & Janson, 1999), pain (Ferrell, 1999), urinary and fecal incontinence (Dougherty & Jensen, 1999), nausea and vomiting (Heitkemper, 1999), and sleep and fatigue (Shaver, 1999…”