Management of Lower Extremity Pain from Chronic Venous Insufficiency: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Purpose of Review: Chronic venous insufficiency is found to some extent in a large proportion of the world's population, especially in the elderly and obese. Despite its prevalence, little research has been pursued into this pathology when compared to similarly common conditions. Pain is often the presenting symptom of chronic venous insufficiency and has significant deleterious effects on quality of life. This manuscript will describe the development of pain in chronic venous insufficiency, and will also review both traditional methods of pain management and novel advances in both medical and surgical therapy for this disease. Recent Findings: Pain in chronic venous insufficiency is a common complication which remains poorly correlated in recent studies with the clinically observable extent of disease. Although lifestyle modification remains the foundation of treatment for pain associated

Elevate to Alleviate – Evidence Based Vascular Nursing Study

“…2,3 Elevating lower limbs at or above heart level has been shown to improve venous circulation, even in healthy subjects, by means of decreasing venous pressure of the legs. 8 The natural course of hospitalization may result in decreased patient physical activity with sedentary behavior, 12 and this may lead to leg discomfort with temporary and mild venous signs and symptoms even in healthy people, due to induced venous muscle pumps' inactivity. 8 Interestingly, the great majority of participants in this study were men and this can be easily explained since patients were referred to nephrology, cardiac and vascular surgery and, as we also selected patients without chronic venous disease (CVD), it is unlikely to find adult female patients without any signs of venous disease as CVD prevalence among females is up to 80%.…”

“…8 The natural course of hospitalization may result in decreased patient physical activity with sedentary behavior, 12 and this may lead to leg discomfort with temporary and mild venous signs and symptoms even in healthy people, due to induced venous muscle pumps' inactivity. 8 Interestingly, the great majority of participants in this study were men and this can be easily explained since patients were referred to nephrology, cardiac and vascular surgery and, as we also selected patients without chronic venous disease (CVD), it is unlikely to find adult female patients without any signs of venous disease as CVD prevalence among females is up to 80%. 7 In our study, patients with leg elevation (Group A) recorded a decrease in calf and ankle circumference and perceived less leg heaviness and even reported more comfortable legs compared to patients without leg elevation (Group B) that were affected by a certain increase in calf and ankle circumference during hospital stay, also reporting more exhausted legs.…”

“…6 In patients with chronic venous disease (CVD), one of the most common diseases of the superficial venous system affecting many people of the western world, 7 simple leg elevation results in a drop in venous pressure relieving the related symptoms. 8 Li et al 9 showed that elevating the leg of patients who had undergone total knee arthroplasty promoted venous return and reduced leg swelling during hospital stay. When the action of the venous pump is temporarily impaired, as in during hospital stay, it is conceivable that some leg discomfort may occur, and, in this case lying with a moderate leg elevation may help to relieve leg discomfort.…”

Exploring causal correlations between inflammatory cytokines and varicose veins: A Mendelian randomization analysis

“…Varicose veins are a widespread vascular pathology characterized by the enlargement and twisting of superficial veins, primarily affecting the lower extremities 1 . Traditionally perceived as a mere aesthetic concern, varicose veins are indicative of a more profound venous dysfunction, potentially escalating to symptomatic discomfort, edema, and, in severe instances, the formation of chronic wounds or venous ulcers 2–5 . These ulcers, predominantly located in the lower leg, constitute one of the gravest consequences of varicose veins, significantly contributing to morbidity and the strain on healthcare systems 6 .…”

Setting the equation of regression to determine the technological factors influence on the content of flavonoids in the extract

“…This process has a number of specific features that complicate the regulation and optimization of its technological parameters. To analyze the results of scientific experiments and solve optimization problems mathematical modelling is widely used, which includes obtaining regression equations [1,2]. The existing methods for constructing mathematical models allow the use of various modifications of the planned experiment [3], which cannot always be effectively applied for traditional mathematical processing.…”