Management of infection and occlusion associated with vascular access devices

The Impact of Needleless Connector Device Design on Central Venous Catheter Occlusion in Children: A Prospective, Controlled Trial

“…Characteristics that contribute to catheter occlusion include catheter composition, catheter size, various patient factors, infusate composition, local catheter use protocols, and the use of connector devices. [3][4][5] A variety of needleless connector devices has been marketed, with claims that they can decrease central venous catheter occlusion and infection rates by preventing reflux of blood through the catheter tip. Needleless connector devices are currently available with 4 basic designs: standard (no valve), single valve, dual valve, and positive pressure valve.…”

An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Literature for the Reduction of PICC Line Occlusions

“…General nursing knowledge demonstrates that inspecting solutions and medications for precipitates prior to infusion, using proper technique when obtaining blood samples, flushing after samples are obtained, monitoring fluids that are likely to precipitate, and patient education of PICC protocols will likely reduce the number of PICC occlusions (Rumsey, 1995). There is currently debate surrounding the proper protocol for flushing of PICCs and whether saline or heparin is more appropriate, however, standardized flushing protocols are noted to decrease occlusion rates.…”

“…There is currently debate surrounding the proper protocol for flushing of PICCs and whether saline or heparin is more appropriate, however, standardized flushing protocols are noted to decrease occlusion rates. (Rumsey, 1995) and (Gorsky, 2005) There have also been economic savings reported with the use of valved PICCs due to decreased number of repeat procedures secondary to occlusions and infections. There are also cost savings related to the ability to use saline as a flushing solution in the valved PICCs, which is significantly cheaper than heparinized flushes.…”

Access technique and its problems in parenteral nutrition – Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition, Chapter 9

“…This is an ideal breeding ground for bacteria and can result in the colonisation of the catheter system [175], [176]. …”