Management of human and animal bite wound infection: An overview

Brook, Itzhak

doi:10.1007/s11908-009-0055-x

Cited by 74 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Bacteria involved in wound infections after crocodilian attacks include Aeromonas hydrophila, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Pseudomonas spp., Serratia spp., Citrobacter diversus, Enterococcus spp., Clostridium spp. and Pantoea agglomerans (Raynor et al 1983, Flandry et al 1989, Mekisic & Wardill 1992 (Murphey et al 1992, Blaylock 1999, Goldstein et al 2002, Kunimoto et al 2004, Jofré Morales et al 2006, Brook 2009.In the present study we found 24 reported cases of attacks by crocodiles on humans in the Yucatan Peninsula, most of them (87.5%) occurring in Quintana Roo and in the city of Cancun, which are the state and city in the peninsula, respectively, most frequented by tourists. Both crocodile species (Crocodylus acutus and C. moreletii) were involved in the attacks and C. moreletii was involved in 2 cases of fatal attacks.…”

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confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral and cloacal microflora of wild crocodiles Crocodylus acutus and C. moreletii in the Mexican Caribbean

Charruau

Pérez-Flores²,

Pérez-Juárez³

et al. 2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Bacterial cultures and chemical analyses were performed from cloacal and oral swabs taken from 43 American crocodiles Crocodylus acutus and 28 Morelet's crocodiles C. moreletii captured in Quintana Roo State, Mexico. We recovered 47 bacterial species (28 genera and 14 families) from all samples with 51.1% of these belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. Fourteen species (29.8%) were detected in both crocodile species and 18 (38.3%) and 15 (31.9%) species were only detected in American and Morelet's crocodiles, respectively. We recovered 35 bacterial species from all oral samples, of which 9 (25.8%) were detected in both crocodile species. From all cloacal samples, we recovered 21 bacterial species, of which 8 (38.1%) were detected in both crocodile species. The most commonly isolated bacteria in cloacal samples were Aeromonas hydrophila and Escherichia coli, whereas in oral samples the most common bacteria were A. hydrophila and Arcanobacterium pyogenes. The bacteria isolated represent a potential threat to crocodile health during conditions of stress and a threat to human health through crocodile bites, crocodile meat consumption or carrying out activities in crocodile habitat. We especially warn about the presence of Salmonella arizonae and S. typhi, which cause enteritis and septicemia in crocodiles and salmonellosis and typhoid fever in humans. The risk of bacterial contamination from crocodiles to humans could increase in the future because of the accelerated destruction of crocodile habitat, which could lead to an augmentation of human−crocodile interactions. Information on bacterial diversity reported here could help in the choice of antibacterial products in case of infections that are of crocodile origin.KEY WORDS: Bacterial flora · Crocodylus acutus · Crocodylus moreletii · Salmonella · Cozumel · Río Hondo · Banco Chinchorro · Mexico Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 98: [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39] 2012 Besides the physical damage, survivors of attacks from crocodilians can develop wound infections caused by bacteria or fungi (Flandry et al. 1989, Caldicott et al. 2005, Wamisho et al. 2009, Langley 2010. Several studies display the existence of many bacteria and fungi in the oral cavity of wild and captive crocodilians (Doering et al. 1971, Gorden et al. 1979, Flandry et al. 1989, Matushima & Ramos 1995, Anderson 1999, Cupul-Magaña et al. 2005, Silva et al. 2009). While several antibiotics provide protection from wound infections, in some cases patients can die from sepsis (Vanwersch 1998, Caldicott et al. 2005. Crocodilians show great resistance and healing capacity to injuries and illness, but several studies report diseases or symptoms in crocodilians related to bacterial infections, which can even lead to the death of individuals (Shotts et al. 1972, Novak & Seigel 1986, Hernández-Hurtado & Cupul-Magaña 1996, Mehrotra et al. 2000, Huchzermeyer 2003, Bishop et al. 2007, Garcia et al. 2008.The Quintan...

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supporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral and cloacal microflora of wild crocodiles Crocodylus acutus and C. moreletii in the Mexican Caribbean

Charruau

Pérez-Flores²,

Pérez-Juárez³

et al. 2012

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Among the Pasteurella species, P. multocida is the predominant human pathogen encountered, especially in severe disease cases (235,239), although P. canis may be more prevalent with dog bites (48, [246][247][248]. Common symptoms of pasteurellosis in humans from animal bite wounds are swelling (edema), cellulitis (diffuse, localized inflammation with redness and pain), and bloody or suppurative/ purulent exudate (drainage) at the wound site (39, 41, 48, 49, 160,165,241,[249][250][251][252][253][254][255]. Leukocyte and neutrophil counts are typically high at the infection site, and inflammation develops very rapidly.…”

Section: Pasteurella and Other Pasteurellaceae Diseases In Humans Pasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pasteurella multocida: from Zoonosis to Cellular Microbiology

Wilson

2013

Clin Microbiol Rev

370

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SUMMARY In a world where most emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in nature and our contacts with both domestic and wild animals abound, there is growing awareness of the potential for human acquisition of animal diseases. Like other Pasteurellaceae , Pasteurella species are highly prevalent among animal populations, where they are often found as part of the normal microbiota of the oral, nasopharyngeal, and upper respiratory tracts. Many Pasteurella species are opportunistic pathogens that can cause endemic disease and are associated increasingly with epizootic outbreaks. Zoonotic transmission to humans usually occurs through animal bites or contact with nasal secretions, with P. multocida being the most prevalent isolate observed in human infections. Here we review recent comparative genomics and molecular pathogenesis studies that have advanced our understanding of the multiple virulence mechanisms employed by Pasteurella species to establish acute and chronic infections. We also summarize efforts being explored to enhance our ability to rapidly and accurately identify and distinguish among clinical isolates and to control pasteurellosis by improved development of new vaccines and treatment regimens.

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“…It may appear as cellulitis, abscess, tenosynovitis, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis as well as it may result with rare diseases such as endocarditis, meningitis, cerebral abscess, bacteremia, sepsis and DIC (especially in immunosuppressed patients). Human bites may also cause Hepatitis B, C and HIV infections [4,5] pain, swelling or purulent efflux appears. Such injuries become more complicated by infection until medical treatment.…”

Section: Dear Editor;mentioning

confidence: 99%

Soft Tissue Abscess due to Eikenella corrodens after Human Bite

Sula¹

2016

Journal of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

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Management of human and animal bite wound infection: An overview

Cited by 74 publications

References 55 publications

Oral and cloacal microflora of wild crocodiles Crocodylus acutus and C. moreletii in the Mexican Caribbean

Oral and cloacal microflora of wild crocodiles Crocodylus acutus and C. moreletii in the Mexican Caribbean

Pasteurella multocida: from Zoonosis to Cellular Microbiology

Soft Tissue Abscess due to Eikenella corrodens after Human Bite

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