Management of Herbicide-Resistant Corn Poppy (Papaver rhoeas) under Different Tillage Systems Does Not Change the Frequency of Resistant Plants

Abstract

Corn poppy (Papaver rhoeasL.) is the most widespread broadleaf weed species infesting winter cereals in Europe. Biotypes that are resistant to both 2,4-D and tribenuron-methyl, an acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor, have evolved in recent decades, thus narrowing the options for effective chemical control. Though the effectiveness of several integrated weed management (IWM) strategies have been confirmed, none of these strategies have been tested to manage multiple herbicide–resistantP. rhoeasunder no-till planting. With the expansion of no-till systems, it is important to prove the effectiveness of such strategies. In this study, a field experiment over three consecutive seasons was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of different weed management strategies, under either direct drilling (i.e., no-till) or intensive tillage, on a multiple herbicide–resistantP. rhoeaspopulation. Moreover, evaluations were carried out as to whether the proportions of ALS inhibitor–resistant individuals were affected by the tillage systems for each IWM strategy at the end of the 3-yr period. The IWM strategies tested in this research included crop rotation, delayed sowing, and different herbicide programs such as PRE plus POST or POST. All IWM strategies greatly reduced the initial density ofP. rhoeaseach season (≥ 95%) under either direct drilling or intensive tillage. After 3 yr, the IWM strategies were very effective in both tillage systems, though the effects were stronger under direct drilling (~95%) compared with intensive tillage (~86%). At the end of the study, the proportion of ALS inhibitor–resistant plants was not different between the IWM strategies in both tillage systems (94% on average). Therefore, crop rotation (with sunflower [Helianthus annuusL.]), delayed sowing, or a variation in the herbicide application timing are effective under direct drilling to manage herbicide-resistantP. rhoeas. Adoption of IWM strategies is necessary to mitigate the evolution of resistance in both conventional and no-till systems.

Camelina as a Rotation Crop for Weed Control in Organic Farming in a Semiarid Mediterranean Climate

“…However, the range of crops used in rotation with cereals in Mediterranean semiarid dryland systems is scarce. Rotation with pea (Pisum sativum L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), which intrinsically imply a sowing delay, have proven to be effective for weed control in these climatic conditions [3,4]. Nevertheless, the limited rainfall in semiarid drylands hampers the integration of some of these crops [3].…”

Physiological Approach to the Use of the Natural Compound Quinate in the Control of Sensitive and Resistant Papaver rhoeas

“…Chemical control strategies should be combined with nonchemical ones. Different practical weed management strategies were tested to control sensitive and resistant populations of P. rhoeas to ALS inhibitors, such as tillage systems or integrated weed management [ 29 ]. In Spain, delayed sowing and other nonchemical practices have shown their effectiveness in reducing corn poppy densities, but only when combined with other control methods like chemical control or cultivation [ 30 ].…”

Rigput Brome (Bromus diandrus Roth.) Management in a No-Till Field in Spain

“…Despite this, continuous delay of the sowing date in NT for 22 years can lead to a significant reduction of B. diandrus populations [24]. On the other hand, the specific control of B. diandrus allowed the increase of other problematic weeds, such as corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas), which in the study area is usually resistant to synthetic auxins and/or to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors [13,14,34]. So, applying either crop rotation or the delay of the sowing date for the control of B. diandrus will probably need to be followed by or combined with IWM strategies for the control of corn poppy.…”

“…So, applying either crop rotation or the delay of the sowing date for the control of B. diandrus will probably need to be followed by or combined with IWM strategies for the control of corn poppy. As suggested by Rey-Cabalero et al [13] and Torra et al [14], some of which are commonly used, these strategies may include sowing delay and the use of short cycle crops [34].…”

“…Crop rotation and diversification are also main approaches to successfully carry IWM strategies (European Union Directive 2009/128/CE). In this sense, crop rotation offers important alternatives that allow interrupting the life cycle of weeds, such as crop sowing date variation, harvest date variation, crop competition, and alternation of the herbicide site of action (SoA) [13,14]. Three-year crop rotation programs, alternating wheat, barley, and field pea, have been demonstrated to successfully reduce B. diandrus infestations [15].…”