IntroductionInternational comparisons of health outcomes are growing in importance as a method of gaining insight into the determinants and consequences of health status. In part this is because some institutions-such as the organization of health insurance, the provision of health care, welfare states or work place arrangements-vary more systematically and perhaps exogenously across countries than within countries. But also this is because of the emergence of a set of high quality and comparable international health and economic panel data in which economists have played a central role in the design process. These panel surveys allow econometric modeling with an international comparative lens that was previously not possible.These international surveys and the subsequent economic research that has emerged from them have predominantly dealt with health and economic transitions around, and after, the retirement years. As well as being the years of life during which the exit from the labor force eventually takes place, these are also the years where the majority of transitions from good health to poor health, and then subsequently to death, take place.Quite naturally then, these economic and health levels and transitions at older ages and the nature of the dual interactions between them are the main focus of our essay. Western countries, even those at relatively similar levels of development and national income, have a quite diverse set of policies in place to deal with the retirement and health behaviors of their individual populations and have experienced a quite diverse set of economic and health outcomes at the population level. This juxtaposition of a diverse set of policies alongside an equally diverse set of health, economic, and labor force outcomes has been a signal to economists that research centering on the inter-relationships between them ought to be fruitful if the not inconsiderable methodological and data issues surrounding such international comparisons can be overcome.The scope of our essay is limited in at least two important ways. First, we focus our attention primarily on international comparisons within industrialized Western countries. There is an excellent set of surveys by economists on developing countries where other issues, such as malnutrition for example, play a critical role Thomas, 1998 and. Second, as mentioned above, our focus also rests primarily on health in mid and later life and not in the context of early life development, except of course when these early life health conditions play an important contributory role to later life health.
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Author ManuscriptAnnu Rev Econom. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2013 March 26.
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NIH-PA Author ManuscriptThis essay is divided into four sections. The next section briefly describes the set of new aging surveys that are facilitating comparative international studies by economists of health related issues at older ages. Section 2 presents data and compares patterns of mortal...