“…Malignancy-associated broncho-esophageal fistulas may occur due to tumor infiltration and subsequent rupture, or as a result of radiation, laser therapy, chemotherapy, pre-existing stents (particularly esophageal stents), or a combination of these factors [3]; however, compared to tracheoesophageal fistulas, they are much rarer, with very few cases reported in the medical literature, which makes their diagnosis either delayed or inaccurate [4]. Additional causes of delayed diagnosis are the nonspecific and common symptoms such as cough, dysphagia, signs of aspiration, chest pain, or gastroesophageal reflux that may, however, severely impact the patient's quality of life [5]. Most malignant broncho-esophageal fistulas develop as a complication of esophageal cancer, being present in 5-10% of affected patients; in lung cancers, this complication is much less frequently encountered and develops mainly for squamous cell carcinomas [4].…”