Management-level officers’ experiences with the Ferguson effect

Nix, Justin; Wolfe, Scott E.

doi:10.1108/pijpsm-11-2016-0164

Cited by 21 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Although the importance of citizen cooperation is a quite well-established element in researchers' understanding of crime clearance, the Ferguson effect and its kin remain controversial. Studies such as Pyrooz et al (2016), Shjarback et al (2017), and Rosenfeld and Wallman (2019) did not find Ferguson-type effects on crime rates, and evidence for effects on officers' attitudes is mixed and contingent on other police agency factors Nix & Pickett, 2017;Nix & Wolfe, 2018).…”

Section: Police Violence and Crime Clearancementioning

confidence: 94%

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Clearing crimes in the aftermath of police lethal violence

Roberts

2022

Criminology & Public Policy

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Research summary Police use of violence may threaten police agencies’ effectiveness by reinforcing residents’ legal cynicism and disengagement from police. We examined police lethal violence against Black people and its relationship with clearance by arrest in a sample of Black victims’ crime incidents in over 350 jurisdictions in 2015, via Mapping Police Violence and the National Incident‐Based Reporting System (NIBRS). We calculated each crime incident's unique time‐varying exposure to police lethal violence, with an accompanying agency‐level measure that averaged this incident‐level measure. Under our original measures, multilevel survival analysis showed a statistically significant association with clearance for the agency‐level average exposure measure, but not for the time‐varying incident‐level exposure measure. Subsequent exploratory analyses suggested a possibly shorter‐lived relationship with incident‐level police lethal violence exposure, which should be investigated in future research. Policy implications Agency‐level findings encourage the adoption of reforms in policing practices and organizational characteristics that could enhance police legitimacy and citizen cooperation and promote perceptions of procedural justice in the Black community. Exploratory indications of a shorter‐lived relationship between police lethal violence and clearance will, if supported in further research, call for agencies to think carefully about adjusting detective work and resource allocations during the critical period following a police lethal violence event. A negative relationship between clearance rates and police lethal violence suggests a mutual interest of police agencies and activists in the reduction of police lethal violence.

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Section: Police Violence and Crime Clearancementioning

confidence: 94%

“…(2016), Shjarback et al. (2017), and Rosenfeld and Wallman (2019) did not find Ferguson‐type effects on crime rates, and evidence for effects on officers’ attitudes is mixed and contingent on other police agency factors (Nix & Wolfe, 2016; Nix & Pickett, 2017; Nix & Wolfe, 2018).…”

Section: Police Violence and Crime Clearancementioning

confidence: 98%

Clearing crimes in the aftermath of police lethal violence

Roberts

2022

Criminology & Public Policy

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“…Our findings showed that police commanders who have quality relationships with their colleagues were significantly more likely to support organizational justice. This result adds to the growing body of empirical evidence demonstrating that officers' perceptions of their relationships with colleagues play an important role in predicting beneficial work-related outcomes (Nix & Wolfe, 2017aTankebe, 2014a). Bottoms and Tankebe's (2012) dialogic model of legitimacy may help broaden our understanding of this relationship.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…For example, McCluskey, Terrill, and Paoline (2005) found that officers working in peer groups that valued aggressive patrol were more likely to base their decisions to use coercion on extralegal reasons such as the gender, class, or demeanor of a suspect (see also, Ingram, Paoline, & Terrill, 2013). A more recent study explicitly concerned with police managers found that those who reported greater attachment to their peers were less likely to maintain attitudes attributable to the “Ferguson Effect” (Nix & Wolfe, 2017a). It seems likely that there is also a peer effect with respect to police managers’ support for organizational justice.…”

Section: Other Factors Related To Support For Organizational Justicementioning

confidence: 99%

Police managers’ self-control and support for organizational justice.

Wolfe

Nix

Campbell

2018

Law and Human Behavior

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Recent policing research has identified a positive relationship between line-level officers' perceptions of organizational justice and their adherence to agency goals and job satisfaction. However, we have little understanding of the factors that are related to police managers' support for organizational justice when interacting with employees. We collected survey data from a sample of U.S. command-level officers (N = 211) who attended a training program in a southern state to address this gap in the literature. The anonymous survey was administered in-person to participating command-level police officers prior to their training program. Our multivariate regression analysis revealed that police managers who reported higher levels of self-control were more supportive of organizational justice (b = .26, p < .01). Additionally, police managers who reported higher quality relationships with their colleagues expressed greater support for organizational justice (b = .02, p = .02). Respondents' self-legitimacy was not significantly associated with their support for organizational justice. This study contributes to the organizational justice literature by presenting the first analysis that links police commanders' self-control to support for organizational justice within their management practices. The findings help pinpoint the types of individuals who may be best equipped to be fair police managers. (PsycINFO Database Record

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“…violent crime) those activities were meant to protect against. Studies have shown evidence of Ferguson Effects in the attitudes and actions of officers (drops in productivity, reduced motivation, belief crime will rise as officers "depolice"), though this effect was moderated by their belief in whether communities afford legitimacy to policing (Nix and Wolfe 2018). In contrast, the evidence for increases in negative crime outcomes after de-policing is mixed, confounded by income inequality and racial segregation (Gross and Mann 2017).…”

Section: Law Enforcement Discretion Priorities and Disparitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Re-prioritizing traffic stops to reduce motor vehicle crash outcomes and racial disparities

et al. 2020

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Background: Law enforcement traffic stops are one of the most common entryways to the US justice system. Conventional frameworks suggest traffic stops promote public safety by reducing dangerous driving practices and non-vehicular crime. Law enforcement agencies have wide latitude in enforcement, including prioritization of stop types: (1) safety (e.g. moving violation) stops, (2) investigatory stops, or (3) economic (regulatory and equipment) stops. In order to prevent traffic crash fatalities and reduce racial disparities, the police department of Fayetteville, North Carolina significantly re-prioritized safety stops. Methods: Annual traffic stop, motor vehicle crash, and crime data from 2002 to 2016 were combined to examine intervention (2013-2016) effects. Fayetteville was compared against synthetic control agencies built from 8 similar North Carolina agencies by weighted matching on pre-intervention period trends and comparison against postintervention trends. Results: On average over the intervention period as compared to synthetic controls, Fayetteville increased both the number of safety stops + 121% (95% confidence interval + 17%, + 318%) and the relative proportion of safety stops (+ 47%). Traffic crash and injury outcomes were reduced, including traffic fatalities − 28% (− 64%, + 43%), injurious crashes − 23% (− 49%, + 16%), and total crashes − 13% (− 48%, + 21%). Disparity measures were reduced, including Black percent of traffic stops − 7% (− 9%, − 5%) and Black vs. White traffic stop rate ratio − 21% (− 29%, − 13%). In contrast to the Ferguson Effect hypothesis, the relative de-prioritization of investigatory stops was not associated with an increase in non-traffic crime outcomes, which were reduced or unchanged, including index crimes − 10% (− 25%, + 8%) and violent crimes − 2% (− 33%, + 43%). Confidence intervals were estimated using a different technique and, given small samples, may be asymmetrical. Conclusions: The re-prioritization of traffic stop types by law enforcement agencies may have positive public health consequences both for motor vehicle injury and racial disparity outcomes while having little impact on nontraffic crime.

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Management-level officers’ experiences with the Ferguson effect

Cited by 21 publications

References 37 publications

Clearing crimes in the aftermath of police lethal violence

Clearing crimes in the aftermath of police lethal violence

Police managers’ self-control and support for organizational justice.

Re-prioritizing traffic stops to reduce motor vehicle crash outcomes and racial disparities

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