Management legacies shape decadal‐scale responses of plant diversity to experimental disturbance regimes in fragmented grassy woodlands

Abstract

Summary1. Understanding multiple ecological determinants of plant diversity and composition underpins good vegetation management. In mesic ecosystems, ecological theory and empirical data predict that moderate to high disturbance promotes native plant diversity, but relationships between disturbance and other drivers of diversity are poorly understood. 2. We examined local determinants of native plant diversity and composition through 12-year fire, mowing and grazing experiments in two mesic grassy woodland remnants in fragmented agricultural landscapes of south-eastern Australia. Remnants were representative of diverse woodlands, but had contrasting management histories. We hypothesized that (1) disturbance is a dominant driver of plant diversity and composition and (2) moderate to high disturbance promotes diversity independent of other drivers or disturbance agent. 3. Contrary to our first hypothesis, rainfall explained an overwhelming 31-60% of variation in native plant richness and native forb cover (hereafter diversity), while aspects of disturbance regime accounted for a significant but moderate 3-8%. The magnitude of disturbance effects was often rainfall dependent, and similar to that of other local determinants such as spatial heterogeneity. Disturbance also influenced native forb composition at one site. 4. The direction of disturbance effects on diversity did not depend on disturbance agent, but differed markedly between sites in accordance with their management history. At the cleared site with a history of frequent burning, diversity declined significantly with time since burning or mowing. By contrast, at the long-unburnt, wooded site, diversity declined with frequent fire and with lagomorph and macropod grazing. 5. These contrasting responses indicate that moderate to high disturbance is not consistently beneficial for diversity in mesic grassy ecosystems, contradicting our second hypothesis. Instead, disturbance responses are dependent on interactions with other drivers, potentially including assemblage filtering associated with historical fire regime and increased understorey productivity associated with tree clearing. 6. Synthesis and applications: The magnitude and direction of disturbance effects on diversity depend on interactions with other drivers, hence a single prescription for disturbance regime across different remnants of fragmented grassy ecosystems is not appropriate. Decadal-scale responses of diversity to disturbance may be shaped by historical disturbances, suggesting instead that management be guided by historical regime.

Competing drivers lead to non-linear native–exotic relationships in endangered temperate grassy woodlands

“…These results are described in Prober et al (2013), and key results are reproduced in Figs. 1a, b and 2a, b to facilitate interpretation of native versus exotic relationships.…”

“…Values for exotic cover were estimated by summing the number of points (out of 50 per plot) at which each exotic species was present, and are backtransformed from square root (Monteagle) or natural log (Woodstock) transformations. Native richness plots are reproduced for comparative purposes from Prober et al (2013). Data points are indicated by grey circles…”

“…Nomenclature follows The Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust (2014). The nearest available records were obtained for monthly rainfall (5 km from Monteagle and 21 km from Woodstock), and used to calculate growing season rainfall (May-October, Prober et al 2013). …”

“…Most remaining woodlands have been substantially modified by livestock grazing and nutrient enrichment (Dorrough et al 2004;McIntyre and Lavorel 2007), but rare examples remain that are still characterized by the natural dominant grasses Themeda australis and Poa sieberiana (hereafter Themeda and Poa) and retain a high diversity of perennial (and some annual) native forbs. Optimal management is crucial for the ongoing persistence of these important reference examples of Themeda-Poa ecosystems and their component species, with inappropriate disturbance regimes potentially resulting in loss of native diversity (Lunt et al 2012;Prober et al 2013).…”

“…1a, b, 2a, b;Prober et al 2013). In this analysis we compare these drivers of native diversity with potential drivers of exotic abundance, and their role in shaping native-exotic relationships.…”