Management Experiences and Trends for Water Reuse Implementation in Northern California

Bischel, Heather N.; Simon, Gregory L.; Frisby, Tammy M.; Luthy, Richard G.

doi:10.1021/es202725e

Cited by 67 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…As one respondent stated: "Citizens do not want to look at the quality of the water, they want to trust someone who validates it". Even where there are dedicated reuse policies in place and where governments have established clear targets for expanding the uptake of reuse, many schemes still struggle and reuse targets can go unmet [23]. Regulations should go hand-in-hand with a supportive institutional framework.…”

Section: Setting Realistic Policy Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Governance Regimes Shape the Implementation of Water Reuse Schemes

Frijns

Smith

Brouwer

et al. 2016

Water

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Abstract:The governance dimensions of water reuse scheme development and operation, such as policies and regulatory frameworks, and public involvement and stakeholder collaboration, can serve to both facilitate and constrain wider adoption of water reuse practices. This paper explores the significance and underlying structure of the key governance challenges facing the water reuse sector in Europe. It presents empirical evidence from interviews and focus group sessions conducted at four water reuse schemes: an indirect potable reuse scheme at Torreele (Belgium), the urban reuse of treated municipal wastewater at the London Olympic Park (United Kingdom) and at Sabadell (Spain), and the reuse of agro-industrial effluent for irrigation at Capitanata (Italy). The findings underscore the importance of clarity in policy arrangements around water reuse, as well as of the financial competitiveness of reuse projects compared to alternative water supply options. Operators of water reuse schemes expressed a preference for water quality standards, which focus on appropriateness for use rather than over-emphasise the waters' origin so that unnecessary treatment and costs can be avoided. Positive public support was widely acknowledged as an important factor in the success or failure of water reuse schemes. We conclude that constructive institutional relationships underpin many of the challenges faced by reuse scheme operators and that greater emphasis should be given to building confidence and gaining trust in water service providers through early identification of how governance regimes shape the viability of new schemes.

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Section: Setting Realistic Policy Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Governance Regimes Shape the Implementation of Water Reuse Schemes

Frijns

Smith

Brouwer

et al. 2016

Water

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“…Nutrients excreted in urine have long been used as a fertilizer for agricultural applications of sewage sludge 1 and wastewater 2,3 or more directly through the application of sourceseparated urine. 4,5 Urine contains the major fraction of nutrients found in human excreta: 80-90% of the nitrogen, 55-67% of the phosphorus and 50-80% of the potassium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of viral and bacterial pathogen surrogates during urine nitrification

Bischel

Schertenleib

Fumasoli

et al. 2015

Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol.

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a This paper assesses the inactivation performance and mechanisms in urine nitrification reactors using bacteria and bacteriophages as surrogates for human pathogens. Two parallel continuous-flow moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) were operated over a two-month period. One MBBR was used to conduct a continuous spike experiment with bacteriophage MS2. The second reactor provided the matrix for a series of batch experiments conducted to investigate the inactivation of Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococcus spp., MS2, Qβ, and ΦX174 during urine nitrification. The roles of aeration, biological activity, and solution composition in inactivation were evaluated. Whereas bacteriophages ΦX174 and MS2 remained infective following urine nitrification, partial inactivation of bacteriophage Qβ was observed. Qβ inactivation was attributed primarily to aeration with a potential additive effect of biological processes, i.e., processes that are attributable to the presence of other microorganisms such as sorption to biomass, predation or enzymatic activity. Tailing of Qβ inactivation to a plateau indicated a protective effect of the solution components in aerated nitrification reactors. In contrast to the bacteriophages, S. typhimurium and Enterococcus spp. were mainly affected by biological processes: they were inactivated in biologically active nitrification reactors while remaining stable in chemically equivalent filtered controls. The tested bacteria could, for example, be out-competed by other microbial communities or sorbed to biomass in the reactor. Microbial communities did not adapt to inactivate bacteriophage MS2 (e.g., via increased prevalence of virus predators) in the experimental time-scale evaluated, with no observed inactivation of MS2 during continuous input for 51 days in the flow-through MBBR. The compilation of these results suggests that biological nitrification as a fertilizer production process remains insufficient as a stand-alone technology for the sanitization of source-separated urine.

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“…Today, GWRS is a recognized leader in the industry and represents "standard design replicated by new potable reuse facilities worldwide" [44] (p. 79). A benefit of recycled water noted by scholars and water professionals is its ability to 'drought proof' supply and therefore aid cities in developing more sustainable and resilient water supplies in the face of increased competition, reoccurring drought, and future climate change [20].…”

Section: Background: Orange County's History With Planned Potable Watmentioning

confidence: 99%

Newspaper Coverage of Potable Water Recycling at Orange County Water District’s Groundwater Replenishment System, 2000–2016

Ormerod

Silvia

2017

Water

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Water planners in water-strapped communities in the western United States and beyond increasingly consider potable water recycling an important water management strategy. Although potable water recycling can increase an otherwise limited urban water supply, the threat of public or political opposition often looms large. This paper examines newspaper coverage of the most widely celebrated potable water reuse project in the world-the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) in Orange County, California, USA. The case study examines the coverage of GWRS contained in local, national, and international newspapers during an era of significant investment and repeated expansion. Despite the potential controversy associated with drinking recycled wastewater, there was no negative newspaper coverage of GWRS from 2000-2016. Much of the coverage was mundane, however several articles embraced infrastructure and technology as key to developing new water resources while protecting public and environmental health. Although potable water recycling is presented as an innovative solution capable of solving several problems at once, a close analysis reveals that recycled water may not fulfill the promise of an uninterruptible urban water supply.

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Management Experiences and Trends for Water Reuse Implementation in Northern California

Cited by 67 publications

References 23 publications

How Governance Regimes Shape the Implementation of Water Reuse Schemes

How Governance Regimes Shape the Implementation of Water Reuse Schemes

Inactivation kinetics and mechanisms of viral and bacterial pathogen surrogates during urine nitrification

Newspaper Coverage of Potable Water Recycling at Orange County Water District’s Groundwater Replenishment System, 2000–2016

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