Managed retreat: adaptation to climate change in the Sundarbans ecoregion in the Bengal Delta

Environmental migration and country security: Theoretical analysis and empirical research

“…The more often countries cooperate, the thicker the lines between them. The following are the main areas of research conducted in the field of Environmental migration and security of the country:  identification of the impact of the environment on Environmental migration and security of the country [24][25][26][27][28];  research of possibilities of adaptation of territories to changes of the environment [29][30][31][32][33];  study of social vulnerability to climate change [34][35][36];…”

Land scarcity and land access in a hazard‐prone island: Sagar, Indian Sundarbans

“…However, the Island also experiences less drastic and more pervasive forms of environmental hazards associated with coastal geomorphological dynamics in an estuarine environment. Such hazards include regular tidal surges causing extensive salinization and restructuring of the coasts through reworking of fluvial sediments yielding both coastal erosion in certain stretches and sedimentation elsewhere, leading to char formation (Bandyopadhyay, 1997a; Sánchez‐Triana et al ., 2018; Danda et al ., 2019). The ‘everyday forms of risks’ (arising out of regular high tide inundation in places, embankment breach and coastal erosion) that continue to remain largely invisible to disaster management policies are really the stressors that make livelihoods (often imperceptibly to outside observers) unviable.…”

“…Households who could afford to make a move have either purchased land in safer locations or migrated out of the area. Yet, for the ‘trapped’ population (Danda et al ., 2019), there seems to be no visible relocation plan offered on behalf of the state. Upon further investigation, it later emerged that officials of the local Panchayat have formulated an informal mechanism of enabling access to government land for the displaced population in the area.…”

“…(2013); Collyer & Black (2014) and Danda et al . (2019) for a detailed discussion on ‘trapped population’.…”

Political ecologies of resettlement in river deltas

“…The acronym DECCMA stands for DEltas, Vulnerability and Climate Change: Migration and Adaptation (more information available online: www.deccma.com).12 For governance of climate-induced migration and managed retreat in Bangladesh, covering also partially resettlement, seeNaser et al (2019) orDanda et al (2019).13 Depriving people of their access to land had similarly been an observation and a main argument of Karl Marx for the case of peasants who became landless due to the enclosures in England of the 18 th and 19 th century and therefore had no choice but to work as laborers in the then emerging the textile industry(Marx (1990)). 14Benjaminsen and Bryceson (2012) show in a worth reading case study from coastal Tanzania how wildlife and marine conservation have deprived people of their access to land and marine resources.…”