Mammary gland homeostasis employs serotonergic regulation of epithelial tight junctions

Stull, Malinda A.; Pai, Vaibhav P.; Vomachka, Archie J.; Marshall, Aaron M.; Jacob, George Adolphus; Horseman, Nelson D.

doi:10.1073/pnas.0708136104

Cited by 116 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…They also reported 5-HT biosynthesis in human cells, suggesting that the system was not exclusive to rodents. In 2007, the same group (Stull et al, 2007) showed that 5-HT signaling in human and mouse cells caused the opening of tight epithelial junctions, a known hallmark of mammary gland involution. In 2008, two papers suggested that the mammary gland 5-HT system might be functional in dairy cows; Hernandez et al (2008), provided evidence of serotonin biosynthesis in cow mammary gland cells and demonstrated effects on milk variables when either 5-HT or a 5-HT receptor blocker was infused into the gland.…”

Section: Altered Dry Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Collier

Annen-Dawson

Pezeshki

2012

Animal

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The dry period is required to facilitate cell turnover in the bovine mammary gland in order to optimize milk yield in the next lactation. Traditionally, an 8-week dry period has been a standard management practice for dairy cows based on retrospective analyses of milk yields following various dry period lengths. However, as milk production per cow has increased, transitioning cows from the nonlactating state to peak milk yield has grown more problematic. This has prompted new studies on dry period requirements for dairy cows. These studies indicate a clear parity effect on dry period requirement. First parity animals require a 60-day dry period, whereas lactations following later parities demonstrate no negative impact with 30-day dry period or even eliminating the dry period when somatotropin (ST) is also used to maintain milk yields. Shortened dry periods in first parity animals were associated with reduced mammary cell turnover during the dry period and early lactation and increased numbers of senescent cells and reduced functionality of lactating alveolar mammary cells postpartum. Use of ST and increased milking frequency postpartum reduced the impact of shortened dry periods. The majority of new intramammary infections occur during the dry period and persist into the following lactation. There is therefore the possibility of altering mastitis incidence by modifying or eliminating the dry period in older parity animals. As the composition of mammary secretions including immunoglobulins may be reduced when the dry period is reduced or eliminated, there is the possibility that the immune status of cows during the peripartum period is influenced by the length of the dry period.

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Section: Altered Dry Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Collier

Annen-Dawson

Pezeshki

2012

Animal

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“…Ninety-seven percent of the total body amount of 5-HT is held in platelets (Andres et al 1993), which do not synthesize it, but function as the main transporter into peripheral blood. In mammary glands, serotonin plays a role as a regulator of the short-term homeostasis of milk yield (Stull et al 2007). In fact, mammary glands stimulated by prolactin (PRL) expressed essential genes for serotonin biosynthesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasma serotonin levels in Italian Fresian dairy cows

et al. 2010

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The aim of this work was to investigate the metabolism of plasma serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), an important neurotransmitter, in Fresian dairy cows, a breed of zootechnical interest, using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The subjects under study were at the stage of early lactation (n=10; mean body weight 375 AE 50 kg; average age of 3 years; body condition score 2.5), bred in a farm at an altitude of 150 m a.s.l. To evaluate animal welfare on this farm, which is closely connected to an animal's physiological status, tryptophan and cortisol levels (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), together with levels of certain blood components [total proteins (TP), albumin, creatinine, glucose (Glu), triglycerides, phospholipids, total cholesterol, and aspartate transaminase, measured by spectrophotometry] were analyzed. The results obtained are discussed in comparison with reference values, taking into account the environmental living conditions. Measured plasma serotonin concentrations, which were lower than values reported for Brown Swiss dairy cows of a comparable age and diet, appeared to be affected by breed, temperature, blood sampling season, and altitude. Additional differences between the levels of plasma tryptophan, the amino acid precursor of serotonin, of the two breeds were comparable. Negative correlations between plasma tryptophan and plasma cortisol levels (r=−0.83, P<0.005), plasma serotonin and plasma TP levels (r=−0.72, P<0.05), or Glu levels (r=−0.77, P< 0.05) highlight the existence of a stress condition, which is connected to an energetic deficit related to lactation.

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“…36−39 Accordingly, 5-HT is detected in the mammary epithelium, accumulates in the interstitial fluid surrounding it, and activates 5-HT 7 receptors to induce a rise in cAMP, leading to a downregulation of a number of milk proteins and opening of tight junctions. 37,40 SERT is also expressed in the tissue and modulates 5-HT signaling since its inhibition leads to an involution-like state. 37,39,40 Taken together, these results reveal a complete serotonergic network in the mammary gland and this local paracrine/autocrine system does not depend on an indirect source of 5-HT such as circulating platelets.…”

Section: ■ Serotonin Network In the Mammary Gland: Role In Homeostasimentioning

confidence: 99%

Life without Peripheral Serotonin: Insights from Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 Knockout Mice Reveal the Existence of Paracrine/Autocrine Serotonergic Networks

Amireault

Sibon

Côté

2012

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

129

109

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Since its identification, 75 years ago, the monoamine serotonin (5-HT) has attracted considerable attention toward its role as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Yet, increasing evidence, from a growing number of research groups, substantiates the fact that 5-HT regulates important nonneuronal functions. Peripheral 5-HT, synthesized by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxyase (Tph) in intestinal cells, was assumed to be distributed throughout the entire body by blood platelets and to behave as a pleiotropic hormone. A decade ago, generation of a mouse model devoid of peripheral 5-HT lead to the discovery of a second isoform of the enzyme Tph and also suggested that 5-HT might act as a local regulator in various organs. The objective of this review is to highlight the newly discovered functions played by the monoamine using the Tph1 KO murine model and to outline current findings that led to the discovery of complete serotonergic systems in unexpected organs. Within an organ, both the presence of local Tph enzymatic activity and serotonergic components are of particular importance as they support the view that 5-HT meets the criteria to be qualified as a monoamine with a paracrine/autocrine function.

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Mammary gland homeostasis employs serotonergic regulation of epithelial tight junctions

Cited by 116 publications

References 19 publications

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Effects of continuous lactation and short dry periods on mammary function and animal health

Plasma serotonin levels in Italian Fresian dairy cows

Life without Peripheral Serotonin: Insights from Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 Knockout Mice Reveal the Existence of Paracrine/Autocrine Serotonergic Networks

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