Mammalian orthoreovirus capsid protein σ3 antagonizes RLR-mediated antiviral responses by degrading MAVS

Abstract

Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) outer capsid protein σ3 is a multifunctional protein containing a double-stranded RNA-binding domain, which facilitates viral entry and assembly. We reasoned that σ3 has an innate immune evasion function. Here, we show that σ3 protein localizes in the mitochondria and interacts with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) to activate the intrinsic mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway. Consequently, σ3 protein promotes the degradation of MAVS through the intrinsic caspase-9/caspase-3 apoptotic pathway. Moreover, σ3 protein can also inhibit the expression of the components of the RNA-sensing retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway to block antiviral type I interferon responses. Mechanistically, σ3 inhibits RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 expression is independent of its inhibitory effect on MAVS. Overall, we demonstrate that the MRV σ3 protein plays a vital role in negatively regulating the RLR signaling pathway to inhibit antiviral responses. This enables MRV to evade host defenses to facilitate its own replication providing a target for the development of effective antiviral drugs against MRV. IMPORTANCE Mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) is an important zoonotic pathogen, but the regulatory role of its viral proteins in retinoic acid-inducible gene-like receptor (RLR)-mediated antiviral responses is still poorly understood. Herein, we show that MRV σ3 protein co-localizes with mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) in the mitochondria and promotes the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptotic pathway to cleave and consequently degrade MAVS. Furthermore, tryptophan at position 133 of σ3 protein plays a key role in the degradation of MAVS. Importantly, we show that MRV outer capsid protein σ3 is a key factor in antagonizing RLR-mediated antiviral responses, providing evidence to better unravel the infection and transmission mechanisms of MRV.