Mammalian egg coat modifications and the block to polyspermy

Fahrenkamp, Eileen; Algarra, Blanca; Jovine, Luca

doi:10.1002/mrd.23320

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…Xenopus laevis intelectin is present in the cortical granules and is considered to play a role in the prevention of polyspermy 40,41 . Polyspermy is the fertilization of an egg by multiple sperm, and the results of such unions are lethal 71,72 . The process that prevents polyspermy may be as follows: the substances in the cortical granules are released from the oocytes, and a large amount of intelectin aggregates bind with the oligosaccharide ligand in follicular fluid 73 .…”

Section: Functions Of Intelectinmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative review of intelectins

Chen

Gao

2020

Scand J Immunol

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Intelectin (ITLN) is a new type of glycan‐binding lectin. It has been demonstrated to agglutinate bacteria probably due to its carbohydrate‐binding capacity, suggesting its role in an innate immune response. It is involved not only in many physiological processes but also in some human diseases such as asthma, heart disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. Up to now, intelectin orthologs have been identified in placozoans, urochordatas, cephalochordates and several vertebrates, such as cyclostomata, fish, amphibians and mammals. Although the sequences of intelectins in different species are conserved, their expression patterns, quaternary structures and functions differ considerably among and within species. We summarize the evolution of the intelectin gene family, the tissue distribution, structure and functions of intelectins. We conclude that intelectin plays a role in innate immune response and there are still potential functions of intelectin awaiting discovery.

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Section: Functions Of Intelectinmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative review of intelectins

Chen

Gao

2020

Scand J Immunol

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“…As noted above, analyses of fertilized eggs recovered after natural matings indicate that various mammalian species use an egg membrane block to polyspermy and/or a zona pellucida block to polyspermy. The mechanisms underlying the zona pellucida block have been nicely covered by Fahrenkamp, Algarra, and Jovine, (2019), and so here, the postfertilization changes in the egg membrane will be addressed.…”

Section: The Membrane Block Polyspermy In Mammalian Eggsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there are several notable differences between the trigger for the zona pellucida block to polyspermy and the membrane block. The zona pellucida block to polyspermy occurs as a result of sperm‐induced increased cytosolic calcium in the egg; this calcium signal induces exocytosis of cortical granules (Abbott & Ducibella, 2001), which, in turn, leads to the proteolytic cleavage of the ZP protein ZP2 to a postfertilization form known as ZP2 f , by the metalloprotease ovastacin exocytosed from cortical granules (Bleil & Wassarman, 1981; Burkart, Xiong, Baibakov, Jimenez‐Movilla, & Dean, 2012; Fahrenkamp et al, 2019; Gahley, Gauthier, Baibakov, Epifano, & Dean, 2010). Parthenogenetically induced calcium increases in eggs also induce cortical granule exocytosis and conversion of the zona pellucida, as does fertilization of eggs by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI; Abbott & Ducibella, 2001; Bourgain et al, 1998; Ghetler, Raz, Ben Nun, & Shalgi, 1998; Gulyas & Yuan, 1985; Kline & Kline, 1992; Wang, Machaty, Abeydeera, Prather, & Day, 1998).…”

Section: The Membrane Block Polyspermy In Mammalian Eggsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing polyspermy in mammalian eggs—Contributions of the membrane block and other mechanisms

Evans

2020

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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The egg's blocks to polyspermy (fertilization of an egg by more than one sperm) were originally identified in marine and aquatic species with external fertilization, but polyspermy matters in mammalian reproduction too. Embryonic triploidy is a noteworthy event associated with pregnancy complications and loss. Polyspermy is a major cause of triploidy with up to 80% of triploid conceptuses being the result of dispermic fertilization. The mammalian female reproductive tract regulates the number of sperm that reach the site of fertilization, but mammals also utilize egg-based blocks to polyspermy. The egg-based blocks occur on the mammalian egg coat (the zona pellucida) and the egg plasma membrane, with apparent variation between different mammalian species regarding the extent to which one or both are used. The zona pellucida block to polyspermy has some similarities to the slow block in water-dwelling species, but the mammalian membrane block to polyspermy differs substantially from the fast electrical block that has been characterized in marine and aquatic species. This review discusses what is known about the incidence of polyspermy in mammals and about the mammalian membrane block to polyspermy, as well as notes some lesser-characterized potential mechanisms contributing to polyspermy prevention in mammals. K E Y W O R D S embryo, fertilization, oocyte, plasma membrane, polyspermy How to cite this article: Evans JP. Preventing polyspermy in mammalian eggs-Contributions of the membrane block and other mechanisms.

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“…The zona pellucida (ZP) is a non-cellular layer of glycoproteins surrounding the oocyte 1 . Over the years, numerous studies have described an association between the physical state of a cell and its function or fate 2 – 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zona pellucida shear modulus, a possible novel non-invasive method to assist in embryo selection during in-vitro fertilization treatment

Priel

Szaingurten-Solodkin

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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eliahu Levitas 3 & iris Har-Vardi 3* the present study investigated the association between oocyte zona pellucida shear modulus (ZpSM) and implantation rate (IR). Ninety-three oocytes collected from 38 in-vitro fertilization patients who underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection were included in this case-control study. the Zp was modeled as an isotropic compressible hyperelastic material with parameter C 10 , which represents the ZpSM. computational methodology was used to calculate the mechanical parameters that govern Zp deformation. fifty-one developed embryos were transferred and divided into two groups-implanted and not implanted. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the association between ZpSM and iR while controlling for confounders. Maternal age and number of embryos per transfer were significantly associated with implantation. The IR of embryos characterized by C 10 values in the range of 0.20-0.40 kPa was 66.75%, while outside this range it was 6.70%. This range was significantly associated with implantation (p < 0.001). Geometric properties were not associated with implantation. Multivariate logistic regression analysis that controlled for relevant confounders indicated that this range was independently associated with implantation (adjusted OR 38.03, 95% confidence interval 4.67-309.36, p = 0.001). The present study suggests that ZPSM may improve the classic embryo selection process with the aim of increasing iR. The zona pellucida (ZP) is a non-cellular layer of glycoproteins surrounding the oocyte 1. Over the years, numerous studies have described an association between the physical state of a cell and its function or fate 2-5. One of the most studied physical properties of oocytes is zona hardening, resulting from cortical granule release during fertilization 6. This physical property, aimed to prevent polyspermy 6,7 , also occurs spontaneously in response to post-ovulatory aging, and results in poor fertilization rates 8-10. Furthermore, spontaneous zona hardening is associated with exposure to in-vitro culture conditions 11,12 that may consequently hinder the blastocyst's potential to hatch the ZP. Although many studies have investigated animal oocytes or embryos, their observations link physical parameters to fertilization and developmental potential and not to implantation potential. Several approaches have been described in the literature to measure the mechanic properties of the ZP 13 by oocyte indentation 14,15 , compression 16 , or aspiration 17,18. Based on these capabilities, two studies have used the physical inputs as selection criteria for embryos. Murayama et al. measured mouse ZP elasticity using a micro tactile sensor (MTS) system. They demonstrated specific changes in this elasticity during oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development, and concluded that the MTS system can be applied to assisted reproductive technology (ART) to evaluate embryo quality 19. Yanez et al. studied the mechanistic properties of human and

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Mammalian egg coat modifications and the block to polyspermy

Cited by 40 publications

References 168 publications

A comparative review of intelectins

A comparative review of intelectins

Preventing polyspermy in mammalian eggs—Contributions of the membrane block and other mechanisms

Zona pellucida shear modulus, a possible novel non-invasive method to assist in embryo selection during in-vitro fertilization treatment

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