Mammae Erraticae: A Case Report and Reappraisal of the Related Theories

Babucçu, Orhan; Kalaycı, Murat; Turhan, Egemen; Gün, Banu Doğan; Dursun, Ahmet

doi:10.1007/s00266-011-9854-1

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…We report a case of a well-formed breast in the dorsal region with an underlying split cord malformation type 1. A case of dorsal breast presenting along with a meningomyelocele has been reported once in the literature [1] but ours is the first case in whom the dorsal breast was co-occurring with an underlying split cord malformation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Dorsal ectopic breast in a case of spinal dysraphism: A rare entity

et al. 2015

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An ectopic breast, that is present at a distance from the embryonic milk line, is an uncommon condition in the normal population. We describe a case with the presence of a breast in the dorsal region occurring in a patient with meningomyelocele and split cord malformation type I. A dorsally situated breast in a case of split cord malformation has never been reported previously in the literature. This case report highlights that an ectopic breast could be a marker of occult spinal dysraphism. This lesion should be corrected only after appropriate radiological investigations ascertain the underlying pathology.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Dorsal ectopic breast in a case of spinal dysraphism: A rare entity

et al. 2015

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“…Our observations align with previous publications regarding the embryonic mammary ridge, including a developmental anatomy textbook from 1948, the fourth edition of Principles of Surgery from 1984, and a more recent report of an ectopic breast from 2012. [23][24][25] However, these only invoke descriptions of the mammary ridge to explain abnormalities, not as rationale for normal fat pad anatomy. Importantly, we agree with at least one other author that focal accessory breast mounds should not be considered pathologic and that these mounds do not warrant "medically necessary" removal, except in rare cases when diagnostic tests suggest otherwise.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Newly Identified Gross Human Anatomy: Eight Paired Vestigial Breast Mounds Run along the Embryological Mammary Ridges in Lean Adults

Teplica

Kovich

Srock

et al. 2021

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open

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Background: Although isolated accessory breasts have been reported in many locations on the torso, we noted that lean men presenting for liposuction had mounds of fullness in a curvilinear array (axilla to groin) consistent with the configuration of the embryological mammary ridge. We hypothesized that grid mapping and pinch testing would elucidate the pattern of fullness and its relation to the “milk line.” Methods: Twenty lean participants (10 men, 10 women) each underwent standardized photography and grid mapping of anterior torsos. We then pinch-tested each for subcutaneous fullness in 250 standardized loci. We used plotted pinch values and OLS regression models to determine if focal fullness corresponded to published configurations of the embryologic mammary ridge. Results: We identified a pattern of paired mounds in all participants running bilaterally in curved linear arrays from axillae to groin in the exact form of milk lines. Regression models applied to the male and female pinch data indicated that focal thickness matched mammary ridge configurations in all subjects ( P = 0.023 for men, <0.001 for women). Fatty fullness never appeared elsewhere on the anterior torsos. Conclusions: The linear pattern of paired focal fat mounds present on the anterior torsos is consistent with the paths of embryological mammary ridges, suggesting these focal fat pads are of breast origin. The consistent mounds are distinct from general subcutaneous fullness and therefore represent a new finding of gross human anatomy. We recommend further research to define differential physiology of distinct subpopulations of yellow fat and clinical implications.

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“…Occasionally, when there is incomplete involution, ectopic breast tissue can occur anywhere along the embryological milk line (16,17). Ectopic breast tissue has a reported incidence of 1-6% amongst the general population, most commonly found in the axilla and rarely in the vulva (16,17,29), and rarely mammae erraticae have been reported in locations outside the milk line, including thigh (30), foot (31), back (32) and face (33). Ectopic breast tissue is hormonally responsive and can undergo benign and malignant transformations, similar to those found in normal breast tissue.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibroadenoma in vulval ectopic breast tissue in a patient with PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome

et al. 2021

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PTEN is a tumour suppressor gene involved in regulating cell division. Pathogenic germline variants in PTEN predispose to benign and malignant growths of numerous organs, including of the breast. In the following report, we describe the first documented case of a fibroadenoma developing in ectopic breast tissue of the vulva in a patient with a germline pathogenic variant in PTEN. This highlights the risk of proliferative hyperplasia developing in any breast tissue, including rare ectopic sites, particularly in patients with underlying germline variants in cancer susceptibility genes.

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Mammae Erraticae: A Case Report and Reappraisal of the Related Theories

Abstract: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors at www.springer.com/00266.

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

Dorsal ectopic breast in a case of spinal dysraphism: A rare entity

Dorsal ectopic breast in a case of spinal dysraphism: A rare entity

Newly Identified Gross Human Anatomy: Eight Paired Vestigial Breast Mounds Run along the Embryological Mammary Ridges in Lean Adults

Fibroadenoma in vulval ectopic breast tissue in a patient with PTEN Hamartoma Tumour Syndrome

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