Malignant transformation of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia

Scholefield, J H; Castle, M T; Watson, Nicholas

doi:10.1002/bjs.4994

Cited by 213 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(15 reference statements)

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“…[23][24][25] Although progression rates for high-grade CIN have been documented during decades of research, the rate of progression of high-grade AIN to invasive disease remains to be elucidated. 26 Given the high prevalence of AIN in atrisk MSM and HIV-positive individuals, it is likely that only a minority of established high-grade AIN will progress to invasion. However, whether an individual high-grade precursor lesion will persist, regress, or progress to cancer cannot be predicted currently for either the cervix or anus.…”

Section: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Of Anal Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Anal cancer and cervical cancer screening: Key differences

Darragh

Winkler

2010

Cancer Cytopathology

191

198

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Cervical cancer and anal cancer share many similarities including causation by oncogenic human papillomaviruses; however, significant differences exist in their epidemiology, risk factors, biologic behavior, management, and treatment. Although rare, the incidence of anal cancer is alarmingly high and continues to increase in high-risk populations, particularly men who have sex with men regardless of their human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. There are no national screening guidelines for anal cancer. Using the success of cervical cancer screening as a model, anal cancer screening approaches apply anal cytology, highresolution anoscopy, and directed biopsy to guide treatment and management strategies. Although much has been learned about the natural history and epidemiology of anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN), the rate of progression of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (HGAIN) to invasive squamous cell carcinomas is not known. The impact of screening and treatment of HGAIN on morbidity and mortality from anal cancer are also unknown. Because the incidence of HGAIN and anal squamous cell carcinoma continue to increase, it is imperative to find pathways for effective screening, early detection, and therapeutic intervention. This article provides an overview of anal cancer screening while highlighting its differences from cervi- Compared with cervical cancer, anal cancer is rare. The National Cancer Institute estimates that 5260 patients will be diagnosed with anal cancer in 2010 and that 720 men and women will die of the disease. 1 Compare this to cervical cancer statistics in the United States for 2010: 12,200 will be diagnosed with cervical cancer and 4210 women will die and this is with successful opportunistic Papanicolaou (Pap) testing to screen for this cancer in the United States. Yet, in patients with the highest risk of anal cancer, its incidence was more than double that of cervical cancer prior to the initiation of Pap screening and is increasing, while rates for cervical cancer continue to decrease. As the incidence of anal carcinoma increases in populations at risk, cytologic screening, combined with early detection and treatment, has been proposed as a method to reduce the morbidity and mortality from invasive anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC).

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Section: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis Of Anal Cancermentioning

confidence: 99%

Anal cancer and cervical cancer screening: Key differences

Darragh

Winkler

2010

Cancer Cytopathology

191

198

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“…The consistency of the data over the longer time period it highlights the importance of treating anal/perianal warts to remove IN that may eventually progress to invasive cancer as has previously been reported in the literature. (Scholefield, Castle and Watson 2005, Siegel 1962, Sturm et al 1975 In particular the rates of anal cancer are rapidly rising in men with HIV (Crum-Cianflone et al 2010) and it may be that men with warts represent a population of men at increased risk especially given the relatively common findings of anal cancer in men with warts (8.8%). Genital warts are recognised as a risk factor for the development of IN in renal transplant recipients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on the Royal Perth Hospital Anogenital Wart Database

McCloskey¹,

Phillips²,

M.A.H.³

et al. 2011

HIV-infection - Impact, Awareness and Social Implications of Living With HIV/AIDS

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“…This is due, in part, to the similarities between the types of the tissues involved in these two areas [20]. Just as cervical cancer is preceded by high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN 2 or 3), anal cancer is preceded by high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN 2 or 3) [21,22]. While research is limited confirming the progression of an AIN 2-3 lesion to anal cancer, patients with these advanced infections are considered at high risk of developing cancer due to the similarity with lesions in the cervix [22].…”

Section: Health Science Journal Issn 1791-809xmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Papillomavirus and Cancer in Men

Johnson¹,

Obanor²,

DeWeese³

2017

Health Sci J

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Although human papillomavirus (HPV) issues have focused primarily on females, it is important to give attention to males because the primary mode of transmission of the virus is through sexual intercourse. There is increasing evidence that HPV is causing serious diseases like penile, anal, head, and neck cancer among males. Studies have also shown that, generally, males have similar rates of HPV infection HPV and CancerThe primary goal of clinical management is to identify and treat high-grade HPV-related infections in order to diminish the risk of developing invasive cancer. Persistent infections with high-risk HPVs cause almost all cervical cancers and many vulvar, vaginal, penile, and anal cancers in both men and women [1,2]. The most recent World Health Organization/ International Agency for Research Cancer (WHO/IARC) Summary Report [1] revealed that HPV types 16 and 18 were found in nearly all cases of HPV-related cancers. The report included evidence that the following HPV types (31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59) were increasingly associated with cancers caused by the virus. HPV type 33 was of particular interest as it has been linked with cancer of the vulva, as well as anal cancer in both males and females [1]. Recent data from the National Cancer Institute revealed that HPV was the underlying cause of roughly 5% of all cancers worldwide [3].Even though there is variability in the exact number of HPVrelated cancers in the United States each year, the data confirm the virus is linked to most cancers of the genital region. Multiple studies have shown that HPV contributed to anal (90%-93%), oropharyngeal (12%-63%), penile (36%-46.9%), vaginal (40%-64%) and vulvar cancers (40%-51%) [4][5][6][7][8]. Figure 1 illustrates the annual rates of HPV DNA found in cancer for each anatomical site. With the increasing prevalence of HPV-related infections and subsequent diseases, researchers with the CDC conducted a study examining the most recent cancer data in the United States [9]. The authors of the report noted that "population-based cancer registries are important surveillance tools to measure the impact of cancer rates on public health interventions such as vaccination and screening" [9]. The goal was to identify the role of HPV in the reported cases of cancer between [2004][2005][2006][2007][2008]. The most prominent cancer registries in the nation were used to obtain data for cancers of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, and oropharynx [9,10]. The results revealed that an average of 33,369 HPVassociated cancers were diagnosed annually, of which 21,290 were females and 12,080 were males [10]. The highest number of cancers related to HPV was among women, with 96% of all cervical cancers caused by the virus. A total of 4,767 cases of anal cancer were reported between [2004][2005][2006][2007][2008], with the results indicating that 93% (n=4,500) were attributed to Review iMedPub Journals

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Malignant transformation of high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia

Abstract: AIN III appears to have a relatively low potential for malignant transformation in the immunocompetent patient. However, immunosuppressed patients are more likely to have extensive AIN III and a greater risk of malignant change.

Cited by 213 publications

References 14 publications

Anal cancer and cervical cancer screening: Key differences

Anal cancer and cervical cancer screening: Key differences

Update on the Royal Perth Hospital Anogenital Wart Database

Human Papillomavirus and Cancer in Men

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